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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
coca
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-a bush that grows in the Andes** and produces cocaine
-has been harvested for thousands of years and actively cultivated for over 800 years |
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history of cocaine
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-made from coca
-early psychiatric uses by Sigmund Freud (as a treatment for depression and morphine dependence) -Sherlock Holmes stories talked about positive and negative effects of cocaine |
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4 forms of cocaine
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-coca paste
-cocaine hydrochloride -freebase -crack or rock |
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coca paste
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-crude extract created during the manufacture of cocaine
-can be mixed with tobacco and smoked |
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cocaine hydrochloride
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-most common form of pure cocaine
-stable water-solube salt -cannot smoke it |
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freebase
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-prepared as a chemical base
-can be heated and the vapors inhaled |
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crack or rock
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-lumps of dried, smokable cocaine
-prepared by mixing cocaine with water and baking soda -safer that freebase, but it get you high quicker |
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timeline of cocaine use
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-1960s: use began to increase again
-1985: major form available-cocaine hydrochloride (snorted)-relatively expensive -inexpensive form came out-crack-smokable (greater abuse potential) |
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Anti-Drug Abuse Acts of 1986 and 1988**
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-penalties for sale of crack cocaine significantly more severe than penalties associated with powder cocaine
-tougher penalties for first time users of crack |
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potential benefits of cocaine
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-local anesthetics (1860)
-currently used for surgery in the nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal regions (facial regions) |
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causes for concern of cocaine
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-acute toxicity
-chronic toxicity |
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acute toxicity of cocaine
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-causes profound CNS stimulation, which can lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest
-difficult to estimate the size of a lethal dose-affects every person differently |
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risks of regularly snorting cocaine
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-damage to the nasal septum
-paranoid psychosis -damage to the heart muscle (similar effects to methamphetamine) |
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cocaine during pregnancy
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-increased risk of miscarriage and torn placenta
-"crack babies" |
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cocaethylene
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-a toxic chemical formed when cocaine is combined with alcohol
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history of amphetamines
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-1932: patented
-used medically -used by soldiers in WWII to fight fatigue -1960: "speed scene" -eventually became more tightly controlled (some switched back to coke) -a lot of illicit meth labs -now considered a "club drug" |
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ephedrine
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-active ingredient in ma huang
-a sympathomimetic drug |
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sympathomimetic drug
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stimulates the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system
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ma huang
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what a chinese medicinal tea is made from
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what are amphetamines used for medically?
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-asthma
-narcolepsy -hyperactivity in children -appetite supressant -stimulant |
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where did amphetamines regionally start being used?
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on the West coast
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speed
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what amphetamines were called during the 1960s
-"Speed scene"=a time and place in which people used and became dependent on intravenous amphetamine |
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ice or crystal meth
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-methamphetamine hydrochloride crystals
-smokable |
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effects of structure of amphetamines
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-allows it to more easily cross the blood-brain barrier (except ephedrine and PPA)
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what do amphetamines stimulate the release of?
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-activity of monoamine neurotransmitters
-dopamine -norephinephrine -serotonin |
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peak effets of amphetamines
-oral ingestion -intranasal administration -intravenous injection |
-1.5 hours after oral ingestion
-15-30 minutes after intranasal administration -5-10 minutes following intravenous injection or smoking |
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half-life of amphetamine and methamphetamine
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-amphetamine: 10-12 hours
-meth: 4-5 hours |
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beneficial uses of amphetamines
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-weight loss
-narcolepsy -treatment of ADHD -"Smart pills" -athletics |
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narcolepsy
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uncontrolled daytime episodes or muscular weakness and falling asleep
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acute toxicity risks of amphetamine use
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-may destroy catecholamine neurons
-risk of developing movement disorders like Parkinson's disease**(associated with dopamine)--caused by primarily meth |
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chronic toxicty from high-dose use of amphetamines
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-paranoid psychosis
-compulsive and repetitive stereotyped actions (spending a night counting corn flakes) |
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crank
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-a type of meth
-it is snorted -cheapest form |
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caffeine
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-most widely used psychoactive drug
-can cause dependence and interfere with functioning -belongs to a class of chemicals known as xanthines |
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average consumption of americans
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-200-250 mg/day
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effects of caffeine
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-offsets the effects of fatigue on both mental and physical tasks
-headache treatment -hyperactivity treatment |
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reproductive effects of caffeine
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-high consumption reduces a woman's chances of becoming pregnant and slows the growth of the fetus
-research is mixed on whether it increases risk os miscarriage |
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heart disease effects of caffeine
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high intake may increase the risk of heart attack, particularly in people with other risk factors
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theobromine and cocoa
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stimulant found in chocolate
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