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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Two components of agin |
how long can an organism live what characterizes deterioration, senescence |
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Senesence |
default following reproduction - moth, salmon vs genetic basis to aging, regulation of aging, alteration of life span flies, worms, humans - longevity genes |
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maximum life span |
max years a member of a species has been known to survive not expected to survive past number |
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life expectanct |
span you can expect to live age at which half of the population still survives |
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Increasing life span |
change in causes of death senescence related illnesses and disease of age -heart attacks and cancers vs infections and parasites |
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senescence associated biomarkers |
stress induce signalling pathways that lead to cellular senescence senescent cells accumulate in tissues, lower regenerative capacity and increase inflation aging and age related diseases tumor suppressor and cancer development supporter |
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developmental bio has helped |
1. regulation and improvement of fertility defects 2. identification of genetic defects affecting development 3. identification of teratogenic compounds |
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infertility |
inability to become or stay pregnant |
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in vetro |
egg and sperm are both extracted fertilized in a dish divides and then transferred to uterus |
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Gamete intrafallopian transfer GIFT |
sperm injected into oviduct at ovulation at least one Fallopian tube is open cervical or immunological factors |
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zygote intrafallopian transfer ZIFT |
fertilization in dish zygotes inserted into fallopian tube |
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Intracytoplasmic sperm injection ICSI |
low viable sperm count so one sperm is injected into cytoplasm of egg |
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1/2 - 2/3 of conceptions do not make it to term |
so abnormal that they dont implant or spontaneously abort hCG indicated that 67/112 monitored pregnancies failed |
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Congenital abnormalities |
recognizable malformation mild-severe, intrinsic/extrinsic causes malformations - genetic events that rise from mutations, aneuploidies, translocations... Trisomy 21 |
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mutations affect protein synthesis |
gene regulatory sequences 5utr of mrna intron coding region 3utr of mrna |
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congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
splice site abnormality absence of functional protein cant make cortisol and aldosterone more androgen is produced |
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spinal muscular atrophy |
mutation in smn survival of motor neurons protein - part of splicing machinery degredation of motor neurons |
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CAIS |
early stop codon |
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hemoglobin constant spring |
alter RNA longevity mutates termination codon |
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fragile x syndrom |
mutation of the 5utr in FMR1 that stabilize or transport nerve mRNAs to ribosomes |
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Teratogens |
1962 groundbreaking year disruptions - abnormalities caused by these agents teratogens - monster in greek Embryonic period - fetal period sensitivity varies - greatest effect week 3-8 |
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factors that influence teratogens |
age season race country familial tendencies |
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thalidomide |
broad defects does not influence test animals used to treat multiple myeloma, arthritis, crohns disease, heart failure, HIV sarcoma, prostate cancer, leprocy |
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thalidomide effects during limb bud development |
thalidomide strongly induces cell death in AER and PZ
induces apoptosis, restricted in a window time induces bmp4, dkk in AER - reduces bcatenin thalidomide apoptosis can be counteracted by noggin or dkk repressors |
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cereblon CRBN |
has a role in limb development controls expression of fgf8 binds to thalidomide and takes away its ability to function |
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Alcohol |
most frequent and costly feral alcohol syndrome small heads, narrow upper lip, low nose defects in neural and glial migration abnormal cell death in brain region |
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FAS mechanisms |
ethanol downregulates MMP, degrades ECM, disregulates neuro cell migration rnf25 downregulated - apoptosis decreased activity in pCREB - long term memory changes adhesion genes in neural cells change in micro mRNA |
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Endocrine disruptors |
1. mimic effects of natural hormone by binding to its receptors (DES) 2. block binding (DDE-DDT) 3. interfere with synthesis and transport/ eliminates hormone (PBC) 4. prime the organism to be sensitive (bisphenol A) |
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DES
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represses HOX10 and blocks wnt7
DES misregulates mullerian duct morphogenesis wnt7 regulates hox10, 11, wnt5 reproductive issues and cancer risk |
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BPA |
top 20 chemical - cans, bottles, toys... meitic abnormalities in oocytes, early female puberty lowers sperm count, prostate enlargement, decrease in sperm quality breast tissue more sensitive to estrogen - breast cancer |
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Others include |
metals, pathogens, ionizing radiation |
