Final Test Exam 4

Qualities are beliefs that are viewed as desirable or important are called?

What are values that are enshrined in the laws of most civilized societies?

What are values there are basic to a particular society?

The ten commandments are what type of value?

The Bill of Rights is what type of value?

True or False:

Values, whether societal personal, can change over time.

Values can include such related characteristics as ________________ and _____________________ that affect our behavior.

According to Sophie Freud (1999) what is the concept of normality?

Values also affect?

What factors affect values?

What is the process of discovering what is personally worthwhile or desirable in life?

This process can help individuals understand their own moral codes, their attitudes and motives, there prosocial and antisocial behavior, their gender roles, and themselves.

Describe what a factual discussion might explore?

Describe what a conceptual discussion might discuss?

Values clarification involves?

Te tendency to respond positively (favorably) or negatively (unfavorably) to certain persons, objects, or situations is called?

Attitudes are composed of?

True or False:

Prejudice is not an attitude

What term generally refers to the application of a previously form judgment to some person, object, or situation?

What term is an oversimplified, fixed attitude or set of beliefs that is held about members of the group?

The development of attitudes is influenced by?

Researchers Brown, Bigler, Van Ausdale, and Feagin suggest the attitudes about diverse cultural groups develop in how many phases?

Attitudes about diverse cultural groups develop in three phases. Describe Phase I ?

Attitudes about diverse cultural groups develop in three phases. Describe Phase II ?

Attitudes about diverse cultural groups develop in three phases. Describe Phase III ?

As children develop cognitively, they begin to categorize _______________ and __________________ similarities and differences.

Research shows that children acquire racial attitudes prior to developing the ability to?

Reviewing many studies of European American children's attitudes toward other groups, Aboud (1988) and colleagues reported that 4 to 7 year old European American children were already aware that?

Aboud reported that 4 to 7-year-old European American Children referred to other groups as?

About said children of color were reported to have ________________________ feelings about their cultural identity

Aboud (1988) and colleagues found that after age 7, children of all cultural groups were?(Two things)

Aboud explained young children prejudical attitudes as due to __________________ rather than malice

Aboud noted that children's ability to classify among multiple dimensions appears to correspond to ?

Early ethnocentrism based on physical attributes occurs in Piaget's pre-operational stage (ages 4-7) where children do what?

Decreased ethnocentrism based on behavioral and physical attributes wherein children can think about more than one dimension at a time corresponds to what stage?

What term stands for individuals whose gender identity or gender expression and behavior does not conform to that typically associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth

What term refers to a person's internal sense of being male, female, or something else

What things play a role in the development of attitudes?

Describe the three ways that family influences a child's attitude development?

Numerous studies have explored educational ways to change children's attitudes, especially regarding diversity. A classic example of three techniques used to counter the culturally biased attitudes of second and fifth graders are?

Which technique is this?

Children were shown slides of the culturally diverse woman whose appearance vary depending on whether or not she was wearing glasses, which of two different hairdos she was wearing, and whether she was smiling or frowning. Each different – appearing face had a name, and the children were tested to see how well they remembered the names.

Which technique is this?

Children worked in interethnic teams at an interesting puzzle and were all praised for their work.

Which technique is this?

Children heard an interesting story about a sympathetic and resourceful African American child

After two weeks of using the three techniques to counter culturally-biased attitudes the children's levels of prejudice were measured again. All the groups at that had been exposed to any of these techniques showed?

Prejudicial attitudes can be changed by enabling children to?

One of the purposes of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1990 was to include children with disabilities in public school. Teachers had to revise prior stereotypical attitudes to emphasize?

What term is a need or emotion that causes a person to act?

What term is an explanation for one's performance?

People are motivated to act by the urge to be competent or to achieve, according to famous psychologist Robert White. People of all ages strive to develop?

What is the term for learned motivation to be competent, expresses itself in behavior aimed at approaching challenging tasks with the confidence of accomplishment?

What is the difference between mastery motivation and achievement motivation?

Ryan and Desi (2000) distinguish between achievement motivation that is?

What is intrinsic motivation?

What is extrinsic motivation?

Which motivation is socially mediated and changes result from contexts children experience as they grow, such as family, school, or peer group, and their accompanying feelings of autonomy or control?

According to Ryan and Desi, home and classroom environments can "facilitate or forestall" intrinsic motivation by?

Studies have shown that parents who respond to children psychological needs bidirectionally (modifying the rules and incentives according to child's behavior) enhance?

Attributions or explanations for performance, are related to motives in that achievement motivation has been linked to?

What is the term for a phenomenon exhibited by people who no longer perform effectively in a number of situations; they have learned to be helpless as opposed to competent?

What is the term for one's attribute attribution of performance, or perception of responsibility for success or failure, it may be internal or external?

What makes the locus of control internal?

What makes a locus of control external?

In a classic study to assess the differences in strengths of people's achievement motives, David McClelland and his colleagues (1953) developed a projection technique using selected picture cards from what test?

What does the Thematic Appreciation Test assume?

The assessment of the stories in the Thematic Appreciation Test involves noting references to?

Subjects of the Thematic Appreciation Test who refer often to achievement goals are?

Subjects of the Thematic Appreciation Test who rarely or never refer to achievement goals are

What locus of control is the perception that one is responsible for one's own fate?

What locus of control is the perception that others were outside forces are responsible for one's fate?

What locus of control is the perception that others were outside forces are responsible for one's fate?

A classic Lotus of control scale it is used to study the internal – external dimension of personal responsibility was developed by?

What term is the belief that one can master situation and produce positive outcomes?

What term is the realization that one's actions cause outcomes?

What term is the value one places on one's identity?

What areas have an influence in the development of self-esteem?

What term refers to the ability to regulate or control one's impulses, behavior, and/or emotions until an appropriate time, place, or object is available for expression?

What age is self-regulation or self-control observed to begin in children?

What term explains any behavior that harms other people, such as aggression, violence, and crime?

What term explains any behavior that benefits other people, such as altruism, sharing, and cooperation?

What is the term for unprovoked attacks, fights, or quarrels?

What are the types of aggression?

Which type of aggression is where the goal is to obtain an object, a privilege, or a space?

Which type of aggression is where the goal is to harm another person?

Which type of aggression usually declines as children develop language skills to express desires and self-regulatory skills to delay gratification?

What is the term for voluntary actions that are intended to help or benefit another person or group of people without the actor's anticipation of external rewards?

Existing theories explaining the causes of aggression fall into what categories?

What are biologic influences on aggressive behavior?

What biological theory of aggressive behavior refers to the individual characteristics of the parents that are passed on to their children?

What biological theory of aggressive behavior deals with the brain and the nervous system?

What biological theory of aggressive behavior involves passing on the survival and adaptive characteristics of the species from one generation to the next?

Sigmund Freud believed that humans are born with two opposing biological instincts that evolved to enable adaptation. What are these called?

Sigmund Freud's biological instinct called a death instinct (Thanatos) works towards?

Sigmund Freud's biological instinct called a life instinct (Eros) causes a person to?

Sigmund Freud believed the death instinct is often redirected outward against the external world in the form of?

Sigmund Freud believed that the energy for the death instinct is?

Sigmund Freud believed that if the death instinct cannot be release in small amounts in socially acceptable ways what would happen?

The level of certain hormones present in a person has been shown to be related to?

Which gender is more physically and verbally aggressive?

Scientists suspect what factors contribute to the complexity of aggressive behavior?

Recent advances involving the mood – influencing brain chemical serotonin agent that specific abnormal genes responsible for?

Although not directly responsible for violent behavior a variant of one of these genes breaks down serotonin and bias the brain towards impulsive, aggressive behavior. The gene variant was found mostly in men who?

Less control over emotions may reduce one's ability to?

In sum, research analyzes of the relationship of biological factors to aggressive behavior conclude that?

What are the Social cognitive theories explaining aggressive behavior?

The basic principle of the learning theory is the actions are?

What is the term for the way an individual tends to, perceives, interprets, remembers, and acts on events or situations?

What is the term for Piaget's stage of moral development in which children think of rules as moral absolutes that cannot be changed?

What is the term for Piaget's stage of moral development in which children realize that rules our arbitrary agreements that can be changed by those who have to follow them?

What is the name of the level ofKohlberg's stages of moral reasoning in which the individual can look beyond the personal consequences and consider others' perspectives?

What is the name of the level of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning in which the individual considers and with the personal consequences of the behavior?

What is the name of the level of Kohlberg stages of moral reasoning in which the individual considers ways the values behind various consequences from various points of view?