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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mechanical Digestion uses what?
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muscles
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Sphincter Muscles
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"gatekeeper" muscles in different parts of the body
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Peristalsis
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wave movement, squeezing action (done by longitudinal muscles)
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Segmentation
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chop-like, circular action (done by circular muscles)
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Chemical digestion uses what?
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mucus, acid, enzymes, hormones, and bile
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Mucus
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lubricates, protects mucosa from auto digestion
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Acid
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breaks down proteins (HCl)
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Bicarbonate ions and H20
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comes from the pancreas to neutralize the acidic contents of the stomach
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Enzymes
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proteins that speed up biochemical reactions (make reactions go)
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Hormones
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chemical messengers produced in one region of the body and targeted to affect another body site (end with "in" or "ine")
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Bile
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synthesized by liver, stored in the gal bladder
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Transit Time
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It takes food 1-3 days to go from the mouth to the anus
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How much time does it take for stomach digestion? small intestine? large intestine?
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Stomach: 2-3 hours
Small Intestine: 3-10 hours Large Intestine: 24-72 hours |
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The lining of the G.I. tract renews how often?
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Every 2-3 days.
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Cephalic Phase
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"pertaining to the head", thinking of food, smelling food, and sight of food
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Mouth (6 parts)
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chews food, tastes, moistens with saliva, lubricates with mucus, digesting enzyme, and swallowing reflex
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Pharynx
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Moves food from mouth to esophagus by swallowing
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Esophagus
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lubricated with mucus it moves food to the stomach using peristaltic waves
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Gastric Phase
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phase of digestion which includes stomach
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Stomach
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digestion, dissolves food, kills microorganisms with acid, protein digesting enzyme, mucus protects it, vitamin B-12 absorption, moves food to small intestine
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Mucus in the Stomach protects against what?
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auto digestion
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What is absorbed in stomach?
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water, alcohol, and a few drugs
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Movement of chyme is regulated by what?
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size of meal, and composition of meal
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Chyme
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a mixture of stomach secretions and partially digested food
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Intestinal Phase of Digestion includes...
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small intestine, pancreas, liver, and large intestine
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Small Intestine
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90-95% of digestion, major site of digestion and absorption, 20 food narrow tube
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Villi
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folds in the small intestine, each contains a blood vessel and a lymph vessel
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Microvilli
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hair like projections where intestinal enzymes reside in the small intestine
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Protase
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digests completely protein to amino acids
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Lypase
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digests fat to fatty acids and glycerol
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Amylase
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digests carbohydrates to monosaccharides
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Secretin
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a hormone secreted by the small intestine which acts on the pancreas to stimulate water and bicarbonate to neutralize HCl in the small intestine
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CCK-PZ (cholecystokinin-pancreozymin)
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bile flow from gallbladder, secreted by duodenum in response to amino acids, HCl, and fatty acids
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Bile in S.I.
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used to make fat into liquid
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Pancreas
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secretes sodium bicarbonate and enzymes for digesting carbs, fat, and protein
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Enzymes in the Pancreas
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amylase, protease, lipase
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Amylase
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digests carbohydrates
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Protease
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digests proteins (trypsin, chmotrypsin, carboxypeptidase)
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Lipase
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digests fat
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Liver
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produces bile
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Bile
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makes fat into a liquid, made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder
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Gallbladder
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stores bile and releases it to the small intestine
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Large Intestine
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mixes and propels content, absorbs sodium, potassium, and water, houses bacteria, lubricates with mucus, forms feces
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Absorption
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process by which substances are taken up from the GI tract and enter the bloodstream or the lymph
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What are the different kinds of absorption? Hint: there are four
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passive, facilitated, active, and phagocytosis or pinocytosis
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Passive Absorption
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high to low concentration (fats, water, some minerals)
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Facilitated Absorption
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carrier proteins (fructose)
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Active Absorption
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requires energy (glucose, amino acids)
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Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis Absorption
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infants absorb immune substances from human milk
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Route of Water Soluble Nutrients (three steps)
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-picked up by villi in the small intestine
-picked up by capillaries -go to liver where they are made suitable for circulation, stored, and used for energy production |
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Route of Non Water Soluble Nutrients (four parts)
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-picked up by villi
-picked up by lymph -go to liver -from the liver they move through blood vessels through capillary membranes into intestinal fluid, from fluid through cell membrane |
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Roles of Bacteria in the Large Intestine (four parts)
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1. catabolizes materials resistant to previous digestive processes
2. synthesize vitamin K and some B-complex vitamins in infants 3. affect odor and color of stool 4. produces acid and gases |
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Heartburn
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movement of acid from the stomach into the esophagus: can be remedied by antacids, or in extreme cases, H2 blockers or PPIs
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Gallstone
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pieces of solid material that develop in the gallbladder when substances in the bile (like cholesterol) form crystal-like particles: remedied by regular physical activity, avoiding becoming overweight, and focusing more on plant intake
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