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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Meridians
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Also known as longitude
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(2) Means of Direction
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1) Degree Headings (90=east)
2) Compas Headings N S E W |
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Azimuth
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Degrees around the horizon
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Zenith
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point overhead
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Sextant
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Used to determine latitude
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Sextant
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Used to determine latitude
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Zenith
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point overhead
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Azimuth
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Degrees around the horizon
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(2) Means of direction
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1) degree headings (90=east)
2) Compas headings N S E W |
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Meridians
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Also known as longitude
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Arc
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Line segments across a curved surface
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Degrees, Minutes, Seconds
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1 degree= 60min=3600 seconds of arc
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Nautical mile
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6080 Feet
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Statute Mile
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5,280 Feet
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Acre
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43,560 Feet
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Intervening Opportunity
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Substitution of one destination over another
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Time-Space Convergence
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We treat mileage as a function of time or distance vs. Time
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State
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First order of civil division. Examples: U.S, Mexico, Brazil, India, Australia
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(5) Things That a State Requires
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1) Land Territory
2) Permanent Resident Population 3) Government 4) Organized Economy 5) Circulation System |
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Sovereignty
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Having power over a group of people in an area when the laws are coming from an outside area
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Nation
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Similar peoples, language, ethics, etc.
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Nation-State
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A nation with a state wrapped around it. It is a nation with its own state
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Irredentism
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The desire to incorporate within the State all areas that had once been part of the State
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Secession
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Occurs when people and their territory withdraw from a State to become independent
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(3) Stateless Nations
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Jurds, Palestinians, Basques
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Nation
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Similar peoples, language, ethics, etc.
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Nation-State
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A nation with a state wrapped around it. It is a nation with its own state
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Irredentism
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The desire to incorporate within the State all areas that had once been part of the State
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Secession
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Occurs when people and their territory withdraw from a State to become independent
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(3) Stateless Nations
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Jurds, Palestinians, Basques
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Nation
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Similar peoples, language, ethics, etc.
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Nation-State
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A nation with a state wrapped around it. It is a nation with its own state
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Irredentism
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The desire to incorporate within the State all areas that had once been part of the State
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Secession
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Occurs when people and their territory withdraw from a State to become independent
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(3) Stateless Nations
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Jurds, Palestinians, Basques
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Devolution
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Process in which a region receives greater autonomy (local rule) from the central government
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Clans
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Made up of about 60 people . Life revolved around the supply of the water hole
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Tribes
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Similar to a clan but...
The tribal leader is more powerful, Laws are personally given, Territorial limits are even more jealously guarded |
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Empire
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Rule of many regions or peoples by one supreme ruling group
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Theocracy
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Rule by religious elites
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Aztecs
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Founded that agricultural productivity and technology (including irrigation tactics) was high
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Inca
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More stable and less violently militaristic than the Aztecs
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Greeks
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Created the foundation for European civilization
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Feudalism
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Revolved around a hierarchy of ruling classes who distributed land to subordinates in return for various rents and services
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Mercantilism
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Revolved around the notion that wealth was measured by he accumulation of large quantities of gold and silver
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Environmental Determinism
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Concept that one or another element of physical environment determines the level of civilization that a society contain
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Centrifugal Forces
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Forces that tend to break a State apart
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Centripetal Forces
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Forces that tend to bind States together
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Raison d'etre
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Piece written by Richard Hartshorne about the reasons for a State existing
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Possibilism
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Theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions
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(8) Deutsch Growth of Nations
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1) The shift to exchange economies from subsistence agriculture
2) Appearance of core areas 3) Growth of towns 4) Development of basic communication grids 5) Concentration of capital 6) Growth of individual self-awareness and group interests 7) Awakening of ethnic awareness 8) Merging of this ethnic awareness with |
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Balkanization
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When one State disintegrates into a number of mutually hostile States
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(6) Ways to Acquire a Territory
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1) Occupation
2) Prescription 3) Conquest and Annexation 4) Voluntary Cession 5) Accretion 6) Acquisition of Rights |
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Occupation
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Acquisition of territory through discovery of occupying
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Prescription
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Acquisition of territory simply by being there with no objection to the owner
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Conquest and Annexation
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Acquisition of a territory by forcefully taking it and going through the legal process of annexing it
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Voluntary Cession
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Acquisition of a territory by a simple agreement
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Accretion
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Acquisition of a territory through natural processes. For example a shift in the bed of a river. (Thalweg)
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Acquisition of Rights
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Acquisition of land through one country leasing land to another country. (Servitude)
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(5) Shapes of Nations
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1) Elongated
2) Prorupt 3) Perforated 4) Compact 5) Fragmented |
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Exclave
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Territory belonging to one State that is embedded within another State
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Enclave
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Territory that is effectively surrounded by the territory of a larger State
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Frontiers
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A Politicgeographical area lying beyond the integrated region of the political unit and into which expansion could take place
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(4) Steps to Boundary Making
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1) Definition
2) Delimitation 3) Demarcation 4) Administration |
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Definition of Boundary
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The first stage of Boundary making and it outlines the physical boundaries of the State of Nation
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Delimitation
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Second Stage of Boundary Making and is the period of time between boundary dispute and the settling of the dispute through cartographers
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Demarcation
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Third step to Boundary Making and is simply marking the territory with something like a fence of some sort
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Administration
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Fourth and final step to Boundary Making and refers to the procedure for maintaining the boundary markers
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Riparian
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Area between land and a river. Has relation to boundary disputes because it could change over time
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Pioneer
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When a boundary is drawn through unoccupied territory
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Antecedent
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When a boundary is set before any occupied use
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Subsequent
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When a boundary is set during the process of when a cultural landscape is emerging
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Superimposed
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Boundary that is imposed on an existing cultural pattern
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Relict
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Boundary that is no longer functional nor exists
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Definitional
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A problem with a boundary during the definition stage because the boundary could change over time (Like a boundary set by a river)
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Locational
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A problem with a boundary during the Demarcation or Delimitation of a boundary process
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(2) Boundary Disputes
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1) Definitional
2) Locational |
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Operational Boundary Dispute
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Arguments over how a boundary should function
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Allocational Boundary Dispute
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When both sides are unable to agree on the division of resources within a border region
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Core Areas
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Areas of dense population in a country (Example: Ireland's core are is Dublin)
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Ecumene
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Refers to the core area of a territory that is vital to the economy
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Permanent Capitals
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Capitals that have been the capital for a long time
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Introduced Capitals
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Replacing of old capitals to perform new functions
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Divided Capitals
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Two rival cities share functions of government
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Forward Capitals
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When a strategic position is used for potential enemies
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(2) Types of Unitary States
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1) Centralized
2) Highly Centralized |
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Centralized Unitary State
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Where unity (one) is sustained on a normal level and is achieved though elements of culture and tradition
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Highly Centralized States
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Where unity (one) is sustained through omnipotent control
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Decentralization
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The process of allowing decision making closer to the people
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Federal State
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A State that does not create unity out of diversity; rather it enables the two to coexist
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Regional State
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Refers to the State that is somewhere in between a Unitary State and a Federal State
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Unitary State
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A State that is united and is one
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Apartheid
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Period of racial separation
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Bantustans
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Government that attempted to be created but were reincorporate into South Africa is 1994
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Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)
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When the organization is neither a state nor an intergovernmental organization
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Insurgent States
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Potential States that are in limbo. Typically are organizations seeking to overthrow a government or to secede within a State
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Binational States
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Territory that is administered by two States, with neither of them having exclusive sovereignty
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(5) Reasons for Eroding of a State
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1) The global economy
2) Cultural globalism 3) Spread of democracy 4) Science and technology 5) Devolution of internal power |
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Compacts
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A type of agreement that forms States
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Edge City
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Saves bigger cities from getting overcrowded
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