Gr. 12 Metabolic Processes Unit

A molecule that is capable of accepting one or two electrons from one molecule and donating them to another in the process of electron transport. As the electrons are transferred from one electron to another, their energy level decreases and energy is released.

Low energy oxidized coenzyme that act as electron acceptors.

To combine or become combined chemically with oxygen.

They become reduced to NADH and FADH²

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Flavin adenine dinucleotide is a reduced coenzyme and an energy carrying molecule created during the Krebs cycle and is utilized during the last part of respiration, the electron transport chain.

NAD

Phosphorylated nucleotide composed of adenosine and three Phosphate groups

Supplies energy for biological processes by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis

Adenosine triphosphate, composed of adenosine and two Phosphate groups that is converted to ATP for the storage of energy during cell metabolism when a Phosphate group is added.

A metabolic reaction where ATP forms directly in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction when a Phosphate group is taken from an compound added to ADP. Takes place in the mitochondria during the Krebs cycle.

The process of forming ATP via the transfer of electrons. ATP forms indirectly through a series of enzyme-related redox reactions involving oxygen as the final electron acceptor. ATP is generated from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 and the summer sequent transfer of electrons and pumping of protons.

Generates an electrochemical gradient which is required to power the ATP synthase

The mitochondria

oxidative phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation

A type of chemical reaction that involves a transfer of electrons between two spices, and chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron.

Oxidation: gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen

Reduction: the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen

Fixing carbon into one place; taking inorganic carbon (usually CO2) and tacking it to an organic molecule (usually a carbohydrate)

The process by which photosynthesis organisms such as plants turn inorganic carbon (usually carbon dioxide) into organic compounds (usually carbohydrates)

The conversion of carbon dioxide into organic compounds during photosynthesis

The weakest attractor of electrons

The first complex in the electron transfer chain of mitochondria and catalyzes the transfer of electron from NADH to coenzyme Q

An enzyme that creates ATP from ADP and inorganic Phosphate, needs energy

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ATP from the phosphorylation of ADP with inorganic Phosphate (Pi) using a form of energy such as the energy from a protein gradient

An enzyme that can synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic Phosphate by utilizing some form of energy

1. Glycolysis: 10-step process in the cytoplasm

1. Pyruvate Oxidation: 1-step process in the mitochondrial matrix

3. Krebs Cycle: 8-step cyclical process in the mitochondrial matrix

4. Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis: multistep process in the inner mitochondrial membrane

4 ATP produced - 2 ATP used =2 net ATP

2 NADH

2 pyruvates

Further processing in aerobic cellular respiration (if oxygen is available)

2 NADH

2 acetyl-CoA

2 CO2 (released as waste)

2 ATP

6 NADH

2 FADH2

4 CO2 (released as waste)

NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to the electron transport chain for further production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

In order of increasing electronegativity. The weakest attractor of electrons (NADH dehydrogenase) is at the start of the chain and the strongest (cytochrome oxidase) is at the end.

Pass electrons from NADH and FADH2 to one another through a series of redox reactions.

ETC protein complexes are alternately reduced and oxidized as they accept and donate electrons. As the electrons pass from one molecule to the next, it occupies a more stable position.

Used to pump protons (H+) to the intermembrane space.

3 for every NADH and 2 for every FADH2

Creates an electrochemical gradient, creating potential difference (voltage) similar to a battery

Through proton channels associated with ATP synthase

Enough free energy is release do create 1 ATP from phosphorylation of ADP

Conditions must be aerobic because oxygen acts as the final electron and H+ acceptor (water if formed as a byproduct)

Regulated by feedback inhibition and product activation loops.

An allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the third reaction in glycolysis and is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by ADP.

If citrate accumulates, some will enter the cytoplasm and inhibit PFK to slow down glycolysis.

As citrate is used up, its concentration will decrease and the rate of glycolysis will increase.

That the ETCs are full of electrons and ATP production is high.

NADH allosterically inhibits an enzyme that reduces the amount of acetyl-CoA that is shuttled to the Krebs cycle, reducing the amount of NADH produced.

Of or relating to the binding of a molecule to an enzyme at a site other than the active site, resulting in modulation of the enzyme's activity as a result of a change in its shape.