Grade 10 History - Exam Review

Being a member of the Britain empire, Canada was automatically in war against Germany. The only option they had was their level of participation in the war.

Militarism - The policy of continuously increasing a country’s military power and threatening it’s enemies with military attacks, the birth of modern warfare

Alliances - Tension of military in Europe was increasing, so several countries made alliances just for security. TRIPLE - ALLIANCE - Germany, Austria - Hungary, Italy. TRIPLE AGREEMENT - UK, France, Russia

Nationalism - The feeling of sharing the same cultural heritage, language, religion, historical past, and becomes a great patriotic pride.

Imperialism - The policy for a state to extend it’s authority to other countries by economic, political, and military means.

Assassination - The Duke of Austria - Hungary, Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo

To accept the collaboration in Serbia of the organs of the Imperial and Royal government in the suppression of the subversive movement directed against the territorial integrity of the monarchy; To open a judicial investigation against the supporters of the June 28 plot on Serbian territory; organs delegated by the Imperial and Royal Government will take part in the related research

They did not take the ultimatum and a war eventually started

Austria - Hungary declared war on Serbia, Britain declared war on Germany, Austria declared war on Russia, Japan declared war on Germany, Austria - Hungary declared war on Japan

Uk, Russia, United States, Italy and Japan AGAINST Germany, Austria Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria

On August 4th, 1914

During the day, snipers killed soldiers who were not able to hide. It is believed that 1/4th of the soldiers were killed by snipers during “quiet” times.

During the night soldiers were patrolling and repairing parapets and barbed wire. At night were the best time for surprise attacks and raids.

At Dawn, it was the best time to go “over the top” by rushing through “no man’s land” in a hail of bullets.

Soldiers fought, ate, and slept in the trenches. The sounds of machine guns never stopped, which left to many shell shock soldiers. Soldiers spent weeks without washing or changing clothes, uniforms were full of lice, when there was rain it filled the trenches with water, there was trench mouth and foot.

A new weapon, introduced by the Germans during the battle of Ypres. This attacked the skins and blinded soldiers

The situation was settled on the front of the east.

The morales of the Russian civil/troupes - Soldiers were tired of war, they suffered from lack of resources, and many lost confidence in their Tsar, Nicholas II

The Pretrograd Mutiny and the February Revolution (1917)

Industrialization in the years 1890-1910

Many Russians from the countryside came to live in the cities, populations in Moscow and St Petersburg nearly doubled, immigration to cities leads to poor living conditions.

Large demonstrations of workers demanded better living conditions and an end of food shortages.

Hundreds of demonstrators were killed or injured by the Tsar’s troops. The event was called red Sunday.

Tsar Alexander ll created a Duma, a representative assembly. There, several parties represented the people

The new government of Russia did not end the war against Germany, etc. The Tsar Nicholas ll was stopped in his home with his family. Russia left the war on November 8th, 1917.

A civil war between the red army (communists) and the white army (royalists, pro- democracy groups and other groups) continued till 1923. The Tsar and his family were executed on July 16, 1918

The red army wins, the Soviet Union is created, and these events change the course of the 20th century history

In spring 1918, Germany wanted to strike a big blow before so the Americans soldiers arrive en Masse at the front.

On March 21, Germany launches a new attack on the western front with the aim of winning war quickly. They gained a lot of territory, advancing up to 70km of Paris but suffered enormous losses.

During the summer, allied forces launched several attacks along the front west.

2 ships collided, one had weaponry and explosives to be shipped for world war 1, and it created a huge explosion. Thousands of people died

Germany lost WW1 because of three main reasons - the failure of the schlieffen plan (attacking France first, to mobilize them, then Russia later because it was a bigger army) nationalism, and the allies use of effective warfare.

St mont-blanc collided with the Norwegian vessel ss imo

Was signed with terms to punish Germany harshly. It was signed by four representatives, Clemenceau for France, Wilson for the USA, Lloyd George for Great Britain, and Orlando for Italy. Canada signed it independently, but it was under a section entitled “British Empire”

World

Had to accept responsibility for the war

Had to pay heavy reparations to war winners

Had to significantly reduce it’s military strength and dismantle airforces

Poland was created from part of it’s former territory

Suffered communist uprising that was eventually defeated

A period of political instability followed

Was an idea made by Wilson of the US, to avoid future conflicts, this failed at World War 2

In 1933, more than 9 million Jews immigrated to Europe, and 3 million to Poland. Anti-semitism already existed in Europe. At the end of WW2, 2/3 of European Jews were murdered.

Austria - Hungary no longer exists, it’s territory becomes four dependant nations - Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

The Ottoman Empire is impoverished and will not regain it’s former influence, then a year later it disintegrates and becomes Turkey

Joseph Stalin took over the Soviet Union after Lenin died in 1924. Trotsky and Stalin have philosophical differences about the future of the Soviet Union. Trotsky ends up exiled, and his supporters were executed or sent elsewhere.

Famine in Ukraine caused by the mismanagement of agriculture by the government of Joseph Stalin, with a chance of it being done on purpose with the goal of exterminating the Ukrainian population. Between 3 - 10 million people died of hunger.

It’s estimated that under Stalin’s regime, more than 20 million people died. Before WW2 began, Stalin signed a non - aggression treaty with Hitler

Fascim started in Italty in 1919 under Benito Mussolini. Mussolini’s political nickname was ll Duce.

Fascists opposed democratic values, above all, equality and individual freedom. They thought democracy weakened the starte by giving too much importance to an individual

Mussolini seized Italy and gains power. He invaded Libya in 1923, started the second Italo-Ethiopian War, the creation of Italian east Africa, including territories of Ethiopia, Italian Somalia and Eritrea. Estimated 7% of Ethiopian population died under his regime.

Born in Autriche in 1889. At 17 years old, both his parents died and he lived on the streets of Vienne. He fought in the German army, the battle of somme and passchendaele and others, during the First World War. He was injured in the battle of Somme. For that, he won a cross of iron, which was given to him by his lieutenant, Hugo Guttman, a German Jew.

After WW1 he rejoined the national socialist party of working Germans. He was inspired by Mussolini and started his own coup named putsch de la brasserie. He also tried to take over the Gouvernement of Bavaria, and for that he went to prison for a year.

In prison, he wrote a book on the Philosophie of fascists of Nazisms. He put the blame for the bad state of German on the leaders of Germany who negotiated in the treaty of Versailles and on the Jews. He insisted that Aryan race is superior and that others exist to serve them, calls the Jews the bad guy who manipulated Europe’s politics, society and economy. He also calls them the weapon of marxists.

After prison he rejoined the national socialist of German workers and was present during the elections. After the elections in 1932, the president Hindenburg declared Hitler the chancellor of Germany.

It was when the communists are blamed, thousands of members of the communist party of Germany were arrested, some individual rights were suspended and may be arrested without court. A week later, Nazis won 43.9% of the vote.

Hitler proposed a vote to give powers to pass laws without majority of the vote in parliament for four years. 81 members of the communist party were arrested, and Hitler ends up convincing Hindenburg and other parties. The law passed which makes Hitler dictator, and a year later Hindenburg died and the Nazi’s removed his title of president.

In April 1933, an exclusively Aryan position was established in German sports organization. Nazi Germany used the 1936 Olympic Games for propaganda.

Phil Edwards was a canadian runner who won bronze in the 800m in 1936. He became captain in the Canadian Army in WW2. He was a Mcgill graduate.

There was a government passed law to prohibit non-series from working in government jobs. Jews in these positions were fired. In April 1933, Germans boycotted Jews family businesses

Jews were forbidden to marry people of German blood, not allowed to put up German symbols, had any family members who were Jews were considered Jews, and no longer citizens of Germany. There was the letter J to identify if they were a Jew or not on their identity cards.

On April 4, 1941, the USA joined WW2 after the bombing of pearl harbour.

In 2 days, 250 synagogues were burnt et more than 7000 Jewish owned business were destroyed.

This boat transported more than 900 Jew refugees of Germany to North America in 1939. The government of Canada and United States refused to allow it to dock in their countries, so the boat was returned to Europe.

In 1939, the Nazis forced Jews to wear the yellow star on their clothes. In the same year, thousands of Jews were forced to live ghettos, area designed of the city. They were very dense, several families living in the same house, and diseases were common. The ghetto of the city Varsovie was the biggest one, with the population of 500000 people.

In 1941, Hitler made up the final solution to gather all the Jews from Nazi occupied Europe and sent them to extermination camps. Victims were the poland, russians, prisoners of the war, black Germans and LGBTQ people.

The concert ration camps - in poland: Chelmno, Treblinka, Sobibor, Belzec, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Majdanek-Lublin.

The concentration camps had electric barriers and there was a gas chamber.

The victims - There was an estimated 600 Jews who died in the holocaust, more than 8 million people of the Soviet Union, between 1.8 and 1.9 million non Jew Polonaise, more than 300000 Serbians, 220000 Roms and other groups

It was to reassure Soviet allies have not abandoned the war in Europe, test the German defenses, provide insight on troops, and the allies were not ready for a major invasion of Europe and Churchill wanted to make small raids in occupied France to Harris German troops.

There was 5000 Canadian soldiers, 1000 British soldiers, and 50 American soldiers

It was a disaster for the allies, especially the canadiens. In 9 hours of battle, 900 Canadian soldiers died, 586 were injured, 1855 were captured, and 210 British and Americans died, against 300 deaths of Germans.

“For every soldier who died at Dieppe, ten were saved on D-day”

It was an organization dame signed to train boys as future fighters and soldiers for the Nazi cause.

The British army created a divison of women in 1938. Canada did the same in 1941.

Army, air and navy corps - 6,000 woman in total, and 4500 in the medical field.

In 1939, they had 638000 women in the work force in Canada. It was 1077000 in 1944.

She was one of the founders of La rose Blanche, published pamphlets critical of the Nazi regime, learned war crimes from her boyfriend who was in the German army. She was arrested for publishing pamphlets to inform the German population of crimes against Jews and soviets.

Canadian women in the Dutch resistance during the war, helped the allie’s pilot turn to England, and was arrested by Nazis.

The member es of SOE were to sneak into France by parachuting into Frances, it was very dangerous because if you were caught, the punishment would be harsh. This was to discover information on the invasion of Normandie in 1944. It was directed by Violette Szabo And Odette Churchill

The people in France opposed the Nazi regime. They sabotaged, bombed, and attacked and helped Jews and other victims escape the Nazis.

Allied troops have regained French and Belgian territory that Germany had taken at the beginning of the war. Canadian troops earned their reputation through the war, were used as troops assault.

Meanwhile, the Canadians advanced by 130km and captured 31,537 prisoners, as well as many weapons and German guns.

Germany lost because they were loosing, so they surrendered. Soldiers refused to fight. Kaiser Wilhelm ll of Germany was abducted, and the armistice was declared on November 11, 1918.

Hitler also died by suicide

In 1914, the Canadian started as British’s subjects. In the end, there was an army of Canadians with Canadian commanders and uniforms that identified as Canadian.

It started on July, and ended on October, 1940. This battle was between the UK and Canada (and other allies), against Germany. Germany’s goal was to weaken the British Air Force and destroy other strategic targets to facilitate a possible invasion. This was an air battle. The UK and Canada won.

There was an estimate of 23 out of 100 pilots died in action.

It started on June 3, and ended on June 6th, in 1942. This took place on the midway, Pacific Ocean. This battle was between the US and Japan. Japan’s goal was to destroy US naval forces and take the midway island. It was a naval and air battle, and the winner was the USA.

4 Japanese aircraft carriers destroyed against 1 America aircraft carrier.

It started on July 1942 and ended on February 1943. This battle was between Stalingrad (now Volgograd) allies: Hungary, Roman, and Italy, and the Soviet Union’s red army. The goal of the Germans was to capture the city because it was an important strategy and symbolism. It was a land battle and the winner was the USSR.

There were 800000 injured, dead, and captured Germans and 1, 100, 000 injured, dead and captured members of the Soviet Union. 40,000 civil also died.

It started on July 9th, and ended on august 17, 1943. It took place in sicile, Italy. It was a bat take against british (Canadian and Indians), American, French troops and Italian and German troops. The goal of the allies was to begin the liberation of Italy. It was a amphibian assault and land battle, and the British side won.

After the battle, Mussolini was arrested and the new leader of italty negotiated a armistice with the allies. (Le marechal pietro badoglio)

However, Mussolini was released by the Nazis. German troops took over much of the country, they resettled Mussolini as head of the new Italian social republic, and many Italian soldiers deserted or helped the allies.

After the attack on petal harbour in December 1941, the Canadian government interned the Japanese Canadians of British Columbia in interment camps. Over 90% of this population were interned, and the conditions in camps were poor, overcrowded, without electricity, and no running water. The Canadian government sold many of their homes and businesses to pay for their interment.

The allies discovered that two escaped prisoners gave their testimonies and there were photos of the concentration camps. It was believed that bombing the camp would create a pause in executions, and prisoners could escape. There was also a railway that carried Hungarian Jews to auschwitz that could have been bombed. The American war department decided that all their efforts should be to defeat the Germans, instead of saving victims.

This started on June 6th, 1944. They had a plan, which was operation bodyguard. It was an effort to give false information to the Germans. There were false ships and troops built at Dover to make the Germans believe that the allies would attack Calais. They used members of the French Resistance to bomb railways, destroy bridges, and cut telephone cables. Then, after midnight, 24000 Canadians, British, american, and French paratroopers would go behind German lines as an air assault.

As an amphibian assault, 160,000 Canadian, British, and American soldiers would invade part of the Normandy coast from 80km at 6:30am. The beaches were Omaha, Utah, junk, and sword.

156,000 allied troops landed in Normandy across 5 beaches. 4,000 - 9,000 German casualties and thousands of French civilians died.

After the liberation of the Netherlands, 1886 Canadian soldiers married durch women, most of whom returned to Canada.

On April 16 - May 2, 1945. The main goal of Stalin was to capture Berlin. The red army of the Soviet Union captured the city. This took revenge of the Soviet people who suffered since 1941.

Hitler died on April 30th, by suicide. Germany surrendered on May 8th. On April 28th, Mussolini was killed.

It was a project that was on research and development on a nuclear bomb by Great Britain and canada. The first nuclear bombs hit Hiroshima(august 6th, 1945) and Nagasaki(august 9th, 1945)

A week later, Japan surrendered to World War 2. 80 million estimated died, largest losses were in the Soviet Union (20 million), China (15 million).

43000 Canadians died.

WW1 - July 28th, 1914 - November 11th, 1918

WW2 - September 1, 1939 - September 2, 1945

PM Mackenzie holds a referendum to see if Canadians are for or against conscription. The league for the defence of Canada is established in Quebec to encourage people to vote “no”. 72.9% voted no in Quebec, 80% of Canada voted yes. Conscription was allowed in Canada when needed.

France looses the war, and decisive battle takes place on the Plains of Abraham. Quebec became part of the British colonies in North America. Feelings of isolation in North America.

It began after Jean Lesage won the Quebec Election in 1960. He was popluar with the Francophones who wanted change, so he promised that he would make Canada a better place to live and for Francophones to thrive.

A radical, violent Quebec nationalist group that demanded Quebec’s independence. It was that or death, and their first attack was in 1963 with a bomb at the Canadian national building in Montreal.

It started when Pierre Trudeau became prime minister in 1968. He wanted to have a favour of equality for each citizen, and he had been for Canadian Unity. In 1969, bilinguisme had been official, and now French and English had been spoken in the federal Gouvernement.

Oh october 5, the members of FLQ kidnapped James Cross, a diplomatic british. On October 10th, they kidnapped Pierre Laporte, and a week later he was killed. They were finally arrested after that. At first, many Quebecers had sympathy for the FLQ, up until Pierre’s body was found.

The law of war measures were imposed which suspended civil liberties in Quebec. FLQ membership became a crime, and police could arrest without warrant.

A the end of the October crisis, James cross was released and the FLQ members stayed in prison

The new law was French was the official language of Quebec, there was to be increased use of French work, limitations on choice of language of instruction, and children immigrants had to go to French schools. This was because the Quebecers were afraid that the French language would not survive in Quebec and that Trudeau’s bilingualism would not be enough to protect the French language.

The party quebecois took power in the province, and they changed the law to severe restrictions on the use of English, French is to be the only language of the Quebec government, and no limits to English schools. This had the result of anglophones leaving Quebec.

It was a proposal of a referendum for Quebec’s hald independence. It was so Quebec would administer taxes, industrial and social policies immigration and citizenship but maintain economic ties with the rest of Canada

The Cold War was an ongoing political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after WW2. The main goal was to ensure that the Soviet Union did not expand further than Eastern Europe.

The Cold War started in 1945, when a guy named Igor Gouzenko, an employee of the Soviet Union embassy in Ottawa, risked his life to expose a spy ring in the Canadian Gouvernement, to have a new life in Canada in return. That was the start of the cold war in Canada.

The start of the Cold War in general was to prevent the Soviet Union to flood Eastern Europe from with communist influences.

It was the organization treaty of North Atlantic, United States, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg, and West Germany

The Warsaw pact consisted of the Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania. The Soviet Union was wary of NATO so they made their own alliance in 1955. NATO and the Warsaw pact deepened the divide between the US and the Soviet Union. Canada was considered a middle power.

Nuclear Warefare, and who would get to the moon first.

NORAD was the North America Air defense. Canada joined in the making and had a agreement to coordinate their air defence programs.

Bomarc Missiles were installed on Canadian soil because of NORAD. The missiles were only effective if they had warheads.

The avro arrow was a modern supersonic aircraft to protect Canada from the soviet attack. It was not fully finished because of the cost.

Sputnik 1 was the very First Satellite launched by the soviet union.

Japan seized Korea before the war. After the war, Soviet Union held the north and the US supported South Korea.

The Korean War was fought between north and South Korea. It began on June 25, 1950 after North Korea invaded South Korea. After 3 years of fighting, the war ended with a border between north and South Korea.

The UN Security Council voted tk Help South Korea defend it’s self, and Canada was 1 of 14 counties to send troops.

27,000 Canadians served, 1200 injured and 516 killed

Joseph Stalin died in 1953, and Nikita Kushchev was put president

Between 1859 and 1869, Britain and France constructed a canal of 190km to link the Red Sea with the Mediterranean thus created a short naval route between Europe and Asia. Egypt had become independent and wanted to nationalize the canal which angered the United Kingdom’s and France, with the help of Israel, attacked the canal area.

The President of the United Nations General Assembly Pearson made an UN agreed plan to send an international peacekeeping force to the canal area, creating the United Nations Emergency Force. The crisis passed after Egypt paid for the canals.

Lester Pearson was honoured by the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.

Joseph Stalin died in 1953, and Nikita Kushchev was put president

Between 1859 and 1869, Britain and France constructed a canal of 190km to link the Red Sea with the Mediterranean thus created a short naval route between Europe and Asia. Egypt had become independent and wanted to nationalize the canal which angered the United Kingdom’s and France, with the help of Israel, attacked the canal area.

The President of the United Nations General Assembly Pearson made an UN agreed plan to send an international peacekeeping force to the canal area, creating the United Nations Emergency Force. The crisis passed after Egypt paid for the canals.

Lester Pearson was honoured by the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.

In October 1962, the United States discovered that the Soviet Union was installing missiles containing nuclear warheads in Cuba. The Soviet Union leader threatened nuclear war. The US and the Canadian units were going to attack, but the Cuban crisis ended with the withdrawal of missiles.

After the war, soldiers came back to their espouses and made babies.

There were a lot of babies, around 22,000 from the counties Netherlands, United Kingdom, Belgium France, Italy, and even Germany

It ended on December 25, 1991. The Berlin Wall came down, borders opened. With stunning speed, the iron curtain was lifted and the Cold War came to an end.

The Berlin Wall was built to separate west and east Berlin.

The iron curtain was an imaginary boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas.

It was a period of music, fashion, and people moved on from the misery of WW1. The stock market went up after people stopped farming and moved to cities, companies launched brand new items like radios and washing machines.

Stock markets crashed. It affected many countries, and lead to a period of economic depression. It was a series of financial crises.

The stock market crashed because companies produced too many goods and the prices of the goods went down. Soon after most businesses went bankrupt, and many people lost jobs.

Primary Source - Gives direct information, either from a person who experienced it or just an object that was present during the time of event. EX. Diaries, ship logs, autobiographies, manuscripts, interviews.

Secondary source - Gets second hand information from other sources. EX. Journals, articles, dictionaries, encyclopedias, political commentary, biographies.