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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sfumato
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Smoky Shadows used in Mona Lisa
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Jan Van Eyck
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Flemish painter who created oil painting. Painted "The Arnolfini Portrait."
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Petrarch
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one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance. Petrarch's sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry.
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Renaissance
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Began in Florence. Means ‘rebirth’
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Humanism
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emphasize the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers individual thought and evidence over established doctrine or faith.
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Botticelli
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Painted "The Birth of Venus" and "Primavera"
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Marsilio Ficino
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humanist philosophers, astrologer, reviver of Neoplatonism, translated Plato's complete works into Latin. Started the Florentine Academy, an attempt to revive Plato's school.
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Michelangelo
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David Pieta Sistine Chapel
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Martin Luther
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He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.
Luther taught that salvation and subsequently eternity in heaven is not earned by good deeds but is received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin and subsequently eternity in hell. |
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Calvinism
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John Calvin stressed that people are saved through God's grace, not through their own merits. The most famous of Calvin's ideas is his doctrine of predestination.
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Anabaptists
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Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so rejected baptism of infants. Baptized again as adults.
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Anglican Church
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The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England and the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. Related to Catholicism.
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Scientific Revolution
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applies to astronomy and physics. Resulting in a gap between philosophy and theology, which had been widening since the 1300s.
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Aristotelian cosmology
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the theory that the universe is earth centered
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Heliocentrism
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theory that the universe is centered on the sun.
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Copernicus
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the Polish thinker, broached idea of heliocentrism in 1543. Was comfirmed by English scholar Isaac Newton in his publications. Envisioned a vastly expanded, but not infinite, universe with the planets orbiting the sun.
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Galileo
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Built on Kepler, and developed the law of falling bodies (dropping weights of Leaning Tower of Pisa) telescope, law of inertia. Arrested in 1633 by Inquisition, charged with false teachings and recanted his views. Died several years later.
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Newton
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Built on Kepler and Galileo. Computed the law of universal gravitation – the formula whereby every object in the world exerts an attraction to a greater or a lesser degree on all other objects. Modern scientists follow Newton’s lead and do not focus on the why but the how and what.
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Bacon
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Supported the scientific method.
Became the spokesperson for the “experimenters” – those who believed that the future of science lay in discarding Aristotle. “knowledge is power.” Supporter of objectivity. “What is really there.” inductive and deductive reasoning. Explained concepts in a way the average person could understand. |
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Descartes
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Founder of Western philosophy; made the discipline of philosophy wholly independent of theology.
Valued abstract reasoning and mathematical speculation. He was a critic of the belief that the experimental method was the correct path to knowledge because our senses can deceive us. As alternative to inductive reasoning, he championed deductive reasoning: begins with clearly established general premises and move toward truths. Was a mystic; confessed that a dream had inspired his belief that math holds the key to nature. Founder of analytical geometry. Rules for reasoning: never accept anything as true that you do not clearly know to be true; dissect a problem into as many parts as possible, then reason from simple to complex knowledge, and finally draw complete exhaustive conclusions. Step by step, he questioned the existence of God, of the world, and of his own body, beginning with the fact that he could not doubt his own existence as a “thinking thing.” Most quoted phrase is : Cognito, ergo sun – “I think, therefore I am.” Proved the existence of God as an absolute substance; since something cannot proceed from nothing, the idea of God held by human beings must come from God. Raised by Jesuits (faction of Catholicism), Descartes defended the existence of a Supreme Creator, but like many 17th c. thinkers, shared the view that God was neither Caretaker nor personal Redeemer. Was not responsible for us. |
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Central to deism
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God does not interfere with the laws of humanity. "Created the earth then set it in motion."
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Locke: (1632-1704)
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Rejected Hobbes’ gloomy views of humanity and his theory of absolutism.
Instead he taught that human nature was potentially good and that human beings were capable of governing themselves. Set forth his theories in Two Treatises of Government, early expression of liberalism. Modern readers seem to think his ideas “common sense” because his influence has been so great. Locke argued in Essay Concerning Human Understanding that the human mind is a “tabula rasa” or a “blank slate.” No inborn predisposition to evil. As we develop, this slate is filled with two sources on knowledge: experience based on one’s environment, and reason, which aids in the development of learning. |
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Baroque
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Period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, and architecture, literature, dance, and music. Began around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe.
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Louis XIV
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France's greatest monarch. Reigned for 72 years. "L'Etat c' est moi" - "I am the state." In his mind, he fought for "la glorie" that relflected his image as the Sun King, but in Practice meant the expansion of France to imperial stats. Exempted the nobility and upper middle class from taxation and offered them important positions in the court. Used the French treasury to glorify himself and his office. These expenses left France broke, and contributed to the outbreak of the revolution at the end of the 18th century.
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Palace of Versailles
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Louiss XIII's former hunting lodge. Louis XIV commissioned a massive renovation.
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Court of Versailles
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done in baroque style and outpouring of music, theater, and dance.
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Location of Palace of Versailles
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12 miles from Paris
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Workers and years to build Palace of Versailles
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36,000 workers for 20 years
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Who was the father of humanism?
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Petrarch
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The Renaissance began in what city?
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Florence
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Who invented the printing press?
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Gutenberg
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What was known as the spiritual earthquake that shattered the dream of united Christendom?
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The Protestant Reformation
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Who said that math held the key to nature and founded analytical geometry?
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Descartes
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In the 16th century, who was considered the ages leading dramatist?
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Shake-a-spear
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What does "cognito ergo sum mean?"
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I think, therefore I am.
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By 1715, the balance of power in Europe existed among 5 great military powers:
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England, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
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Absolutists:
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Rulers fascinated with power. Didn't want to share authority with church and feudal nobles. Military states grew powerful.
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Improvements in agriculture led to...
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the industrial revolution.
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Romanticism
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stressed strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience, placing emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror, and the awe experienced in confronting the sublimity of nature.
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Realism
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Sprang out of romanticism.
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Neoclassicism
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drew inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome. The main Neoclassical movement coincided with the 18th century Age of Enlightenment, and continued into the early 19th century, latterly competing with Romanticism.
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Transcendentalism
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a movement for religious renewal, literary innovation, and social transformation. Its ideas were grounded in the claim that divine truth could be known intuitively.
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Who distinguished phenomena from noumenon?
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Kant
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Phenomena: can be scene.
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Noumenon: something that can be scene but not felt.
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Explained that world spirit has 3 stages
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Hegel (Thesis, Antithesis, and Synthesis)
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Personal Unconscious
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which included anything which is not presently conscious, but can be.
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synchronicity
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is the experience of two or more events that are apparently causally unrelated
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Archetypes:
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an unlearned tendency to experience things in a certain way.
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Mana:
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Jung said it symbolized spiritual power
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Jerry Bentham (1748-1832)
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-developed variant of liberalism known as “utilitarianism.”
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Socialism
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characterized by social ownership of the means of production and co-operative management of the economy.
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John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
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Mill wrote On Liberty (1859) and argued that the continued existence of “civilized community” required the fullest freedom of speech, discussion, and behavior that was possible among all citizens, as long as no one was physically harmed.
After having advocated laissez-faire economics in his 1848 edition of the Principles of Political Economy, in later editions, Mill embraced mild form of socialism. Mill condemned unbridled economic competition and he reasoned that although production was subject to economic laws, distribution was not, and thus humans should divide the benefits of industrialism along rational lines. He campaigned for religious toleration and minority rights and became a supporter of minority rights. |
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Utopian Socialists:
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Greatest impact was before 1848.
Believed the ills of industrial society could be overcome through cooperation between the workers and the capitalists. |
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Karl Marx (1818-1883)
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Studied Hegel’s explanation of historical change, but as an atheist, rejected Hegel’s emphasis on Spirit.
Approach to historical change differed radically from utopian view. According to Marx, history moved in a dialectical pattern as the Hegelians had argued, but not in rhythm with abstract ideas or the world spirit. Marx thought that material reality conditioned historical development; the various stages of history, which were propelled by class conflicts, unfolded as one economic group replaced another. The bourgeoisie, which had emerged out of the collapse of the feudal system, represented only a moment in history, destined to bring forth it’s own gravedigger, the proletariat. Institutions and idea of a society constituted a superstructure erected on the foundation of economic reality; governments, law, the arts, and the humanities merely reflected the values of a particular ruling class. Marx then forecast a revolt by the proletariat, who would install a classless society. Revolt would be international, and that communist intellectuals would bring an end to bourgeois rule. Differences between Socialism and Communism Socialism: allows for some free market economy; each person allotted resources according to how hard they work. Communism: seeks communal ownership of everything; each person is allotted resources according to their need. Marx & Engels are credited with being founders of modern socialism. Their criticisms of capitalist system is that workers are subjugated by business owners because they control the resources. |
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___________ is a major religious development of the Age of the Bourgeoisie.
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Evangelicalism
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Protestant movement focused on .....?
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personal salvation and belief that one must be “born again.”
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Higher Criticism
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– Protestant scholars in Germany began to study the bible not as a divinely inspired book incapable of error, but simply as a set of human writings susceptible to varied interpretations.
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Founded YMCA, YWCA, and the Salvation Army.
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Protestants
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Inductive reasoning moves from the specific to the general.
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Deductive reasoning moves from the general to the specific.
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Claude Monet
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Impression: Sunrise first modern painting
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Renoir
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celebrator or beauty, especially feminine sensualtiy
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Toulouse-Lautrec
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From aristocratic French family. Painted dancers, prostitutes, entertainers, Moulin Rouge. Lithographic technique made posters possible.
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Post impressionism less concerned with
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monetary compensation. Art for art's sake.
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Vincent van Gogh sold ____ paintings out of ____ in his lifetime.
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6; 700
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Seurat
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Pointillism, "Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
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How many died in WWI?
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10 million
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Central Powers WWI
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Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, Bulgaria
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Allied Forces WWI
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Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, US
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End of WWI
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Defeat of Germany. Which made them angry, which lead to WWII
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1919 Treat of Versailles
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called on the League of Nations to maintain the peace
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In between WWI and WWII, totalitarianism emerged in two forms:
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Russian Communism and European Fascism.
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Small group that took over government under Lenin in Russia
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Bolsheviks
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after Lenin
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Stalin
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European Fascism appealed to
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nationalism
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F. Scott Fitzgerald
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Hung out with Hemingway. Wrote the Great Gatsby
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Faulkner
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The Sound and the Fury
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Steinback
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The Grapes of Wrath, East of Eden, Cannery Row, Tortilla Flat, Travels with Charley
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George Orwell
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Animal Farm
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Hemingway
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The Sun Also Rises, The Old Man and the Sea
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