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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Norms
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An average, or standard, measurement, calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group or population
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Head-Sparing
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A biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition.
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Neurons
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One of billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system, especially in the brain.
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Cortex
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The outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve the cortex (Sometimes called the neocortex).
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Axon
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A fiber that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons.
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Dendrite
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A fiber that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses transmitted from other neurons via their axons
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Synapse
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The intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons.
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Neurotransmitter
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A brain chemical that carries information from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neuron.
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Prefrontal Cortex
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The area of the cortex at the front of the brain that specializes in antificpation, planning, and impulse control.
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Shaken Baby Syndrom (SIDS)
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A life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is forcefully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections.
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REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
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A stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind closed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves
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Reflex
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An unlearned, involuntary action or movement emitted in response to a particular stimulus. A reflex is an automatic response that is built into the nervous system and occurs without conscious thought
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Gross Motor
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Physical abilities involving large body movements, such as walking and jumpbing
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Fine Motor
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Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers, such as drawing and picking up a coin.
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Sensation
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The response of a sensory system (eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose) when it detects a stimulus.
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Perception
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The mental processing of sensory information when the brain interprets a sensation
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Binocular Vision
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The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image
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Immunization
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A process that stimulates the body's immune system to defend against attack by a particular contagious disease. Immunization may be accomplished either naturally (by having the disease) or through vaccination (often by having an injection). Also called inoculation or vaccination.
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
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A situation in which a seemily healthy infant, at least 2 months of age, suddenly stops breathing and dies unexpectedly while sleeping
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Co-Sleeping
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A custom in which parents and their children (usually infants) sleep together in the same bed. (Also called bed-sharing)
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Sensorimotor Intelligence
(Birth to about 24 months) Piaget |
Piaget's term for the way infants think--by using their SENSES and MOTOR SKILLS--during the first period of cognitive development
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6 Stages of Sensorimotor Intelligence (Piaget): What are the three reactions labeled?
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Primary Circular Reactions (Stages 1-2)
Secondary Circular Reactions (Stages 3-4) Tertiary Circular Reactions (Stages 5-6) |
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Primary Circular Reactions
Piaget |
**The first two stages involve the infant's responses to his or her own body.
Stage 1 (Stage of reflex) (Birth to 1 month): Reflexes (sucking, grasping, staring, listening Stage 2 (aka Stage of First Habits) (1-4 months): First acquired adaptations: Accommodation and coordination of reflexes. (ex. sucking a pacifier differently from a nipple; grabbing a bottle to suck it |
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Secondary Circular Reactions
Piaget |
**These two stages involve the infant's responses to objects and people.
Stage 3 (4-8 months) Making interesting sights last: responding to people and objects. Ex. Clapping hands when mother says "patty-cake" Stage 4 (8-12 months): New adaptation and anticipation (or the means to the end): becoming more deliberate and purposeful in responding to people and objects. Ex. Putting mother's hands together in order to make her start playing patty-cake. |
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Tertiary Circular Reactions
Piaget |
**The last two stages are the most created, first with action and then with ideas.
Stage 5 (12-18 months): New means through ACTIVE experimentation: experimentation and creativity in the actions of the "LITTLE SCIENTIST." Ex. putting a teddy bear in the toilet and flushing it. Stage 6 (18-24 months): New means through mental combinations: considering beofre doing provides the child with new ways of achieving a goal without resorting to trial-and-error experiments. Example: before flushing, remembering that the toilet overflowed the last time, and hesitating. |
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Assimilation
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Piaget's term for a type of adaptation in which new experiences are interpreted to fit into, or assimilate with, old ideas
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Accomodation
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Piaget's term for a type of adaptation in which old ideas are restructured to include, or accomodate, new experiences
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Object Permanence
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The realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard.
*Piaget believed it began to show at 8 months. New studies show it as early as 4 1/2 months (the chidlren just lack motor skills) |
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"Little Scientist"
Piaget |
The stage-five toddler (12 to 18 months) who experiments without anticipating the results, using trial and error in active and creative exploration.
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Information-Processing Theory
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A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output.
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Visual Cliff
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An experimental apparatus that gives an illusion of a sudden dropoff between one horizontal surface and another
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Reminder Session
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A perceptual experience that is intended to help a person recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience, without testing whether the person remembers it at the moment.
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Child-Directed Speech
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The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants (also called baby talk or motherese)
*ruch in many sounds that capture infants' attention and make them feel comforted, happy, or excied |
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Babbling
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The extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba, that begins when babies are between 6 and 9 months old.
Ex. ma-ma-ma, da-da-da, ba-ba-ba |
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Naming Explosion
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A sudden increase in an infant's vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, that begins at about 18 months of age.
*Once spoken vocab reaches 50 words, it builds quickly, at a rate of 50 to 100 words/month. |
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Holophrase
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A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought.
Ex. "Dada!" "Dada?" "Dada." |
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Behaviorist (Learning Theory) View on Language Development
B.F. Skinner |
INFANTS NEED TO BE TAUGHT.
All learning is acquired, step by step, through association and reinforcement. B.F.Skinner noticed that spontaneous babbling is usually reinfoced. Typically, everytime a baby says "ma-ma-ma-ma" a grinning mother appears, repeating the sound as well as showering her baby with attention, praise, and perhaps food. Thus it's exactly what the infant wants. Key Ideas: -Parents are expert teachers, and other caregivers help them teach children to speak. -Frequent repetition of words is instructive, especially when the words are linked to the pleasures of daily life. -Well-taught infants become well-spoken children **Adults teach language and infants learn it. (Adults must speak to their babies) |
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Noam Chomsky's View
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Language is too copmlex to be mastered merely through step-by-step conditioning (as opposed to Skinner)
-Focused on similarities in language acquisition. Noting that all young children master basic grammar at about the same age. -Language acquisition device (LAD) -"language is a window on human nature, exposing deep and universal featuers of our thoughts and feelings -Infants are primed to grasp the particular language they are exposed to, making caregiver speech "not a 'trigger' but a 'nutrient'" |
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Social-Pragmatic View
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It holds that the crucial starting point for language learning is neither vocabulary reinforcement (Skinner) nor innate verbal understading (Chomsky) but rather a social impulse towards communication.
-Infants communicate in every way they can because humans are social beings, dependent on one another for survival, well-being, and joy. -It is the emotional message of speech, not the words, that propels infants to learn language |
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Language Acquisition Device
LAD |
Chomsky's term for a hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, uncluding the basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation
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