Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
baseline information |
what is there normal vital signs that can be used to compare with other levels when sick |
|
core body temperature range (Fahrenheit and celsius) |
97-99.5 F 36-37 C |
|
5 factors that can affect body temperature |
circadian rhythm (lowest body temperature in morning, highest in afternoon (possibly due to muscle activity and digestion)), Age (in extremes of age (infants and elder) do not have the ability to regulate core body temperature as much) Gender (women have greater temperature variability due to ovulation) extreme environmental temp increase in metabolic rate (exercise, stress, illness) |
|
febrile |
temperature above normal, possibly due to infection and increased immune function |
|
afebrile |
normal temperature |
|
hypothermia |
body temperature below normal range |
|
why is a fever not reliable for older adults and premature infants |
they do not have the same way of regulating their body temp, because of this, they don't have the same immune response. An infection could be very bad, and yet barely have a temperature of 100. |
|
why is a fever not reliable for immunocompromised status |
if their immune system is compromised, they can't initiate the same immune response so they can't create a fever. could have infection without immune response and fever |
|
what temperature is indicative of an infection |
101F core temperature |
|
temperature differences between routes taken to obtain it |
+1 from oral for tympanic and rectal -1 from oral for axillary Forehead is -4.6 from oral (not temporal artery) |
|
when would you not want to use a tympanic thermometer |
if there is a lot of drainage or scarred tympanic membrane (probably hard of hearing on one side)(blood flow is not the same okay if there is a lot of earwax or a possible ear infection |
|
when would you use axillary temperature |
pediatrics, takes a lot of time, though. least accurate and least reliable recommended for infants and children |
|
how to take rectal temperature |
put lube on the protective covering, tell them to take a deep breath, aim it up toward the umbilicus (people will try to push that out) |
|
when do you not use rectal thermometer |
when they have diarrhea, bowel surgery, disease of the rectum neutropenic (immuno suppressed) (accidently puncture mucosa could lead to infection) quadriplegics cardiovascular surgery (stimulates parasympathetic nervous system leading to bradycardia which could cause them to faint) |
|
NANDA nursing diagnoses that nurses can choose from temperature |
hyperthermia, hypothermia, risk for imbalanced body temperature, ineffective thermoregulation |
|
characteristics of pulse |
rate, quality, and rhythm |
|
quality of pulse by amplitudes |
0 is pulse is absent, +1 is thready, +2 is weak, +3 is normal, +4 is bounding |
|
cardiac output |
heart rate x stroke volume
|
|
factors affecting pulse rate |
age (as you age pulse gets slower) (infants have faster pulse rates) autonomic nervous system (if sympathetic is activated, HR is increased. If parasympathetic NS is activated, HR is decreased) medications (can decrease volume of blood, increase efficiency of heart contractions) |
|
what is the correlation between temp and pulse |
as temp goes up, pulse goes up because metabolic activity has increased |
|
tachycardia |
more than 100 BPM, ventricle does not have enough time to fill, so stroke volume is also less Low BP, high temp, poor oxygenation exercise, very hot, pain- anything that activates sympathetic NS |
|
bradycardia |
less than 60 bpm sleeping, men, older adults, hypothermic, vagostimulation, severe pain (parasympathetic NS) |
|
dysrhytmia regularly irregular |
discernible, predictable pattern when listening to someone's heart |
|
dysrhythmia irregularly irregular |
no predictibility in pulse cardiac disease, electrolyte imbalance |
|
NANDA nursing diagnoses with cardiac output |
acute pain, deficient fluid volume, ineffective tissue perfusion, decreased cardiac output |
|
factors that affect respirations |
age (as lung capacity increases, respiration decreases)(toddlers breath really fast, adults breath a lot slower) gender (men have slower respiratory rate due to larger lung capacity) stress, anxiety (initiates sympathetic NS causing it to go up) exercise (tissue needs more oxygen so you breath faster) acid-base balance (imbalances will lead to changes in respiration) medications (narcotics and sedatives make it go down, amphetamine and bronchodilator makes it go up) altitude (decreased oxygen content so increase in rate) pain (increases) anemia (decrease in hemoglobin carrying capacity so an increase in respiratory rate) fever (increases metabolic rate so increases RR) respiratory diseases (when lying down, lungs can't expand as well) |
|
eupnea |
breathing at a normal rate |
|
tachypnea |
breathing faster (more than 20) |
|
bradypnea |
slower than normal, less than 12 |
|
apnea |
not breathing |
|
NANDA diagnoses for breathing |
ineffective breathing patterns, impaired gas exchange, risk for activity intolerance (not able to maintain a certain level of activity) (RR goes up, pulse goes up, BP goes up) |
|
sphygmomanometer |
blood pressure cuff |
|
factors that affect BP |
age (adults have normal range, older adults have higher (especially systolic)) circadian rhythm (lowest in morning, highest in afternoon) gender (woman are lower than men until menopause) food intake (higher after they eat) exercise (systolic is higher after exercising) weight (overweight means they normally have higher BP) emotional state body position (lowest when lying down, higher when standing) race (hypertension is more prevalent in african americans) medication (cardiac meds decrease amount of blood, and analgesics decrease BP) |
|
how does cuff size affect BP |
if the BP cuff is too wide for the person, it will give a false low, if too narrow, it will give false high |
|
how to take a blood pressure |
locate brachial artery, center cuff over the artery, palpate brachial artery while inflating cuff, at some point, pulse will go away, deflate cuff, put on stethoscope and reinflate cuff until 30 mmHg above the point that the pulse went away. Deflate cuff slowly and note when you hear the beat and when it disappears. |
|
what BP reading will you get with a doppler monitor |
systolic |
|
prehypertensive BP |
120-139 80-89 |
|
mild hypertensive |
140-159 90-99 |
|
what organs are at risk for damage by hypertension |
brain, heart, kidneys |
|
pulse pressure |
mathematical equation systolic pressure- diastolic pressure larger the pulse pressure (more difference between the two numbers), the more of an indication that the arteries are not compliant (little elasticity) has more vascular resistance |
|
stroke volume and pulse pressure |
larger stroke volume gives a larger pulse pressure at any compliance |
|
orthostatic hypotension |
blood pressure drops when standing, get weak, feel faint normally, when standing, changes in blood vessels, vasodilate and then quickly vasoconstrict and increase cardiac output people with orthostatic hypotension do not get this change so quickly meaning that it is hard to get blood to the brain people at risk: older adults, prolonged bed rest patients, dehydrated, blood loss, medications |
|
normal oxygen saturation |
above 96, below 93 means they need oxygen |
|
why would an anemic patient have a false high O2 stat |
they might give you a false high because there are not enough oxyhemoglobin receptors in their blood |
|
NANDA nursing diagnoses |
decreased cardiac output, ineffective health maintenance, effective therapeutic regimen management, risk for falls (orthostatic hypotension) |
|
xiphoid process |
bottom of sternum (cpr on patient) |
|
angle of louis |
on the second rib where the sternum and manubrium (top part of sternum) bones come together |
|
flow of blood through heart |
through vena cava into the right atrium, then through tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. from here it goes out the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery to the heart. from the heart it will return through pulmonary vein into the left atrium. From here it flows through the mitral valve into the left ventricle through the aortic valve into the aorta
|
|
diastole is the period of time when |
the ventricles are passively filling. they just contracted and are now able to fill again. Lub is S1, Dub is S2 period of time between S1 and S2 is diastole. |
|
systole is when what is happening |
ventricles are contracting to send blood to lungs or body, atrium are passively filling with blood. systole is between S1 and S2 (between lub dub) |
|
lub is ______ dub is _______ |
S1, S2 |
|
what should you ask during general health assessment part of an interview for CV |
ask them about their fatigue and ask if it is unusual or persistent (are they always fatigued, does it go away) (could indicate not enough oxygen supply getting to organs and muscles) signs of distress- do they look like they are leaning forward or having a hard time breathing, nausea and vomiting without being sick chest pain, angina |
|
what should you ask during family history assessment part of an interview for CV |
family history of hypertension, diabetes, Cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidemia |
|
what should you ask during medication history assessment part of an interview for CV |
any current prescription drugs being taken (name of drug, dosage, how often, how long)
any current over the counter perscription (herbal supplements, vitamins, pain relief) |
|
what should you ask during activity level assessment part of an interview for CV |
amount of exercise that they get (30 minutes a day for several days a week)
periods of relaxation (how restful their sleep is, do they take naps, alcohol, caffeine) |
|
what should you ask during weight and diet assessment part of an interview for CV |
weight in relation to height (BMI) (overweight and obese is more likely to have hypertension)
what do they eat per day- do they follow a healthy diet, low cholesterol and triglyceride diet, do they actually eat a low sodium or fat diet or do they just think that they do |
|
what should you ask during lifestyle assessment part of an interview for CV |
are they anxious or stressed (type A personality), do they work somewhere stressful or somewhere with a lot of chemicals, is it very repetitive (leads to a lot more stress in their job if they are doing something repetitive) |
|
what should you ask during habits part of an interview for CV |
do they smoke (can decrease by 30-50% in the first year), drink alcohol excessively (women no more than 1, men no more than 2) |
|
anxiousness or restlessness could be a sign of |
central cyanosis, hypoxic, less oxygen getting to their brain, |
|
circumoral pallor |
lips blue and large circle around lips that is very pale sign of central cyanosis |
|
central cyanosis in membranes of mouth |
would be pale or dusky bluish or grayish |
|
lower part of eye in central cyanosis |
pull down lower lid of eye. should be red, if it is pale, blue, or grayish, could be central cyanosis |
|
capillary refill |
test to assess oxygen content level in blood and to assess hydration status (is there enough circulation in blood) pinch finger and then let go. should become white and then blood will return in less than two seconds and look normal capillary refill would be slower if there isn't enough oxygen or dehydrated |
|
tripod position |
could be a sign of respiration issues or long standing cardiovascular disease drop diaphragm and lean forward a bit. helps them to breath better (looks like how people look after they were running and need to catch their breath) |
|
finger clubbing |
late sign of cardiovascular disease and hypoxia can use schamroth's test. put fingers together and should see triangle area of space between fingers, if you don't see that space, could be clubbed fingers |
|
using sternocleidomastoid muscle to breath could be a sign of |
having problems taking breath in and exhaling can see muscle bulge out when they are breathing |
|
another muscle besides sternocleidomastoid that is used when people are having a hard time breathing is |
trapezius and intercostal muscles |
|
pmi |
point of maximal impulse where you hear the pulse the best |
|
pulse deficit |
difference between the apical and radial pulse rate |
|
in a pulse deficit how is the radial pulse different from the apical pulse |
the radial pulse will be slower |