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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
review |
epithelial
connective nervous muscle |
|
Review
what are the 4 types of connective tissue |
Connective Tissue Proper
Cartilage Bone Blood |
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what is the common origin for all connective tissues?
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Mesenchyme - Mesoderm
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what are the __ functions of blood
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3
trasnportatoin regulation protection |
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what does blood transport
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Oxygen and carbon dioxide – RBCs
Nutrients, hormones, and waste products - Plasma |
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what does blood regulate
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Absorbs heat and distributes throughout the body - Plasma
Regulates body pH and fluid levels |
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how does blood help with protection
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Protects from infection - WBCs
Transports infection-fighting antibodies - Plasma Forms blood clots - Platelets |
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what percentage of whole blood is plasma
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55
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what percentage of whole blood is formed elements
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45
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what percentage of whole blood is erythrocytes
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44
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what is the buffy coat
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leukocytes and platelets - 1% of whole blood
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what is the hematocrit
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percentage of blood volume made of red blood cells
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what are the typical hematocrit values for males and femals
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male 42-56%
female 38-46% varies with hormone change and altitude |
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what is blood doping
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Athlete donates RBCs to himself
A unit of blood is removed and stored Body replaces this lost blood Unit of blood is injected back into body, increasing the hematocrit Blood doping can also be done with EPO EPO (Erythropoietin) increases RBC production Thought to favorably affect muscle performance Dangerous because of increased blood viscosity |
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what are the __ types of leukocytes
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neutrophils
eosinophils basophils lymphocytes monocytes |
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what percentage of plasma is wather
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92
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what is plasma made up of
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water
proteins other solutes electolytes nutrients respiratory gases waste products |
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what percentage of plasma is proteins
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7
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what are some of the plasma proteins
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albumins
globulins fibrinogen regulatory proteins |
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what is hematopoiesis
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Hemopoiesis is the production of formed elements
Erythropoiesis, Thrombopoiesis, Leukopoiesis |
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where does hematopoiesis occur
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red bone marrow
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what controls RBC production
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Erythropeitin made by the kidne
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what is blood stem cell called
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hemocytoblast
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at what stage of erythropoiesis is the nucleas ejected
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normoblast
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what does the megakaryocyte have to do with platelets
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platelets are pieces of broken down megakaryocyte
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what are the characteristics of RBCS
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No nucleus or organelles
Biconcave discs Allows gases to be loaded and unloaded efficiently Filled with hemoglobin Transports O2 and CO2 RBCs line up in single file as they pass through small vessels |
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what is the life span of an erythrocyte
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120 days
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where are RBCs broken down
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Spleen and liver
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how are blood types identified
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surface antigens
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which type of antigen does type a blood have
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antigen a
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which type of antibodies does type a blood have
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anti-b antibodies
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which type of antigen does type b blood have
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antigen b
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which type of antibodies does type b blood have
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anti a antibodies
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which type of antigens does type ab blood have
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a and b antigens
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which type of antibodies does type ab blood have
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neither
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what type of antigens does type o blood have
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none
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what type of antibodies does type o blood have
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both anti-a and anti-b antibodies
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which antigen does rh positive blood have
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antigen D |
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which antibodies does rh positive blood have in the plasma
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an anti-d antibodies
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which antigen does rh negative blood have
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no antigen d
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does rh negative blood have anti-d anitbodies
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yes only after prior exposure
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what are the concerns with Rh factors
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Rh- individual does not develop antibodies unless they are exposed to Rh+ blood |
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how do they make sure that a blood transfusion will be successful
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agglutination test
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what is polycythemia
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Too many erythrocytes in the blood
Increases viscosity of blood, placing strain on the heart |
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what is anemia
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Too few RBCs leads to low O2 levels |
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iron deficiency anemia
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lack of iron diet or chronic loos loss
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sickle cell disease
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Genetic disease
RBC is sickle-shaped Hemolysis |
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what are the characteristics of leukocytes
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Larger than erythrocytes
Contain nucleus and organelles Initiate the immune response and defend against pathogens |
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how do WBC leave the bloodstream and enter tissues
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diapedesis
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how are WBCs attracted to sire of an infection?
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chemotaxis
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what is chemotaxis
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damaged cells, dead cells, or invading pathogens put out chemotaxins that attract WBCs
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what are the __ granulocytes
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neutrophil
eosinophil basophil |
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what do neutorphils do
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Phagocytizes pathogens
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what do eosinophils do
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Destroys parasites
-Important in allergies |
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what do basophils do
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Releases histamine and heparin during inflammation and allergic reactions
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what are the __ agranulocytes
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2
lymphocytes monocytes |
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what are the characteristics of lymphocytes
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Resides in lymphatic tissue
-Coordinates immune response -T cells and B cells |
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what are the characteristics of moncytes
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-Exits bloodstream, becomes a macrophage
-Phagocytizes pathogens and debris |
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what is the normal range for WBC
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5,000-10,000 per microliter of blood
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leukocytosis
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high WBC count due to infection, inflammation or extreme stress
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leukopenia
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low wbc count due to certain types of viral or bacterial infections
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what is leukemia
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-Cancer in the leukocyte-forming cells |
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what are the characteristics of thrombocytes(platelets)
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Cell-fragments of megakaryocytes
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how long to platelets live
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8-10 days
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what are the characteristics of blood clots
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Fibrin (from fibrinogen) |
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what is thrombocytopenia
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Low platelet count
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what are the cause of thrombocytopenia
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damage to bone marrow |
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what is hempphilia
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lack of clotting factors in plasma
usually acquired genetically |