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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some statements about DNA? |
- synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction. - contains the bases A, G, C , and T - energy for DNA synthesis comes from cleavage of phosphoanhydride bonds in the deoxynucleotide or nucleotide building blocks. |
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What are some statements about RNA? |
- synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction. - energy for DNA synthesis comes from cleavage of phosphoanhydride bonds in the deoxynucleotide or nucleotide building blocks. - contains the bases A, G, C and U. |
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An RNA strand has the sequence GAGC. Which sequence below represents its template DNA strand? GCTC, CUTU, GCUC, CTCG |
GCTC |
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Why is uracil present in RNA but not DNA? |
Because the deamination of cytosine produces uracil, which is then excised to avoid mutation. |
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Adenosine is a___________. |
Nucleoside |
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Adenine Adenylic acid or AMP is a___________. |
Base |
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Adenylic acid or AMP is a___________. |
Nucleotide |
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According to Chargaff's rules for the base composition of DNA, %A = %T and %G = %C. True or False? |
True |
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The complementary base paired double helix structure of DNA is ideal for replicating genetic information because each DNA strand can act as a template for the synthesis of its complementary strand with the hereditary information encoded in the sequence of bases on either strand. True or False? |
True |
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DNA is the carrier of genetic information in all cells and in many viruses. True or False? |
True |
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Methylase? |
Modification enzyme that adds a methyl group to a nucleotide |
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Restriction Endonuclease? |
Enzyme that cleaves DNA at sites that correspond to a particular sequence of nucleotides. |
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Exonuclease? |
Enzyme that cleaves a nucleotide by removing a terminal residue |
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DNA polymerase? |
Enzyme that participates in DNA replication |
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Dideoxynucleoside triphosphate? |
Nucleotide that lacks both 2' and 3' -OH groups |
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Palindrome? |
Nucleotide sequence with two-fold symmetry |
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What are some statements about restriction enzymes (restriction endonucleases or RE’s)? |
- They are endonucleases. - They are a part of a bacteria’s restriction-modification system – a system bacteria use to defend themselves against bacteriophages. - They recognize and cut pallindromic DNA sequences. |
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What isCloning? |
Production of multiple identical organisms |
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What is Ligation? |
Covalent linking of two segments of DNA |
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What is Transformation? |
Stable introduction of foreign DNA into a host cell |
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What is a Polymerase chain reaction? |
Amplification of a DNA sequence via multiple cycles of synthesis |
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What is Site-directed mutagenesis? |
Modification of a nucleotide sequence to alter an amino acid sequence |
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What feature must an expression vector have that an ordinary plasmid might lack? |
Sequences to control transcription and translation |
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Why does the polymerase chain reaction require a heat-stable DNA polymerase? |
High temperatures are necessary to cause strand separation after each cycle of synthesis. |
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In the Watson-Crick model of DNA, the two strands are parallel, meaning that they run in the same 5’ to 3’ direction. True or False? |
False. The strands are antiparallel and run in opposite 5’ to 3’ directions |
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The unique DNA content of an organism is known as its genome. True or False? |
True |
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What are some true statements about base Watson-Crick complementary pairing: |
- Each base is hydrogen bonded to a base in the opposite strand to form a planar base pair. - Each A pairs with T and each G pairs with C. - Each DNA strand can act as a template for the synthesis of its complementary strand. |
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What is the typical structure of RNA as found in cells? |
Single-stranded chains in compact, stem-and-loop structures |
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When found in duplex DNA, the sequence ATATAT is a palindromic DNA sequence. True or False. |
True |
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What is the role of 2'-3'-dideoxynucleoside triphosphates in the chain terminator method of DNA sequencing? |
To generate a series of truncated chains during DNA synthesis |
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What is a true statement about DNA gel electrophoresis? |
DNA is added to one side and electrophoresed by applying a voltage difference between the two ends of the gel - DNA is a negative polymer and travels towards the anode. |
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What are some findings derived from the results of the sequencing of the human genome? |
- Up to 60% of the genome is transcribed to RNA. - Only 1.1% to 1.4% of the genome (~ 2% of the transcribed RNA) encodes protein. - Two randomly selected human genomes differ, on average, by only 1 nucleotide per 1250; that is, any two people are likely to be > 99.9% genetically identical. |
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Nucleoside triphosphates are useful for energy transfer because the phosphoanhydride bonds are relatively ______. |
high energy |
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By convention, the sequence of nucleotide residues in a nucleic acid is written ___________ starting with the ____ end. |
left to right; 5' |
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Recombinant DNA technology can be used for |
- constructing mutant proteins. - the industrial production of useful proteins. - producing transgenic organisms. - correcting genetic defects. |
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In molecular cloning, transformed organisms must be identified. One common method for accomplishing this involves the inclusion of ________ in the plasmid. |
an antibiotic resistance gene |
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A genomic library... |
is a collection of cloned DNA fragments representing all of an organism’s DNA. |
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If a 28 base-pair segment of double-stranded DNA contains 7 adenine residues, how many guanine residues are there? |
21 |
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A double stranded DNA fragment contains 12% adenine residues. Calculate the percentage cytosine residues. |
38% |
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In 1944 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty did experiments with Diplococcus pneumoniae that proved that... |
DNA can permanently transform a non-pathogenic strain into a pathogenic strain. |
