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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located?
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carotid sinus and aortic arch
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If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?
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increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity
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Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles?
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decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system
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Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following?
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an increase in heart rate and contractility
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A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following?
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an increase in heart contractility
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In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________.
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blood pressure
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The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________.
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capillary; interstitial fluid
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Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary?
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34 mm Hg
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The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________.
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proteins in the blood
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Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary?
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net osmotic pressure
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Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary?
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venous
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Which of the following blood vessel types provides the greatest resistance to blood flow?
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Arterioles
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Which of the following vasoactive substances causes vasodilation at low to normal concentration, but at high concentrations causes vasoconstriction on vascular smooth muscle?
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Potassium ions
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Blood pooling occurs when blood accumulates in lower veins of the body due to the very high compliance of veins. Which of the following is NOT a result of blood pooling?
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Increase in cardiac output
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Which of the following is NOT considered a component of blood?
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Lymph
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All EXCEPT which of the following structures belong to the conducting zone of the respiratory tract?
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The alveoli
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Due to the negative intrapleural pressure, the pleural sac must remain airtight. If the pleural sac were broken, as in a piercing wound, which of the following would happen?
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The lungs would collapse.
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Which of the following cells secretes surfactant?
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Type II alveolar cells
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__________ has a greater partial pressure in the pulmonary capillaries than in the alveoli, so it diffuses into the __________.
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CO2; alveoli
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Which gas law explains why there is as much CO2 exchanged between the alveoli and blood as there is O2 exchanged, despite the fact that the partial pressure difference is so much smaller for CO2?
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Henry’s law
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How would the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 change in an exercising muscle?
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The partial pressure of O2 would decrease, and the partial pressure of CO2 would increase.
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Which way would O2 and CO2 diffuse during internal respiration?
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O2 would diffuse into the cells, and CO2 would diffuse into the systemic capillaries.
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Internal and external respiration depends on several factors. Which of the following is NOT an important factor in gas exchange?
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the molecular weight of the gas
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During inhalation,
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the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
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From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
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Alveoli
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Which statement is correct?
a.Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. b. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. c. As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. d.Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. e. In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. |
In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
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After blood becomes oxygenated,
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it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
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Hemoglobin
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is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
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Order of flow through the lungs
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1. air enter through the nose or mouth
2. air travels down the trachea and then enters the bronchi. 3. air travels down smaller and smaller bronchioles 4. air reaches smal sacs called aveoli |
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Order of flow for oxygen transport
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1. oyxgen diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries
2. oxygen enters a red blood cell. 3. oxygen binds to a molecule of hemoglobin 4. oxygen is carried through blood vessels to a capillary 5. oxygen diffuses from the blood to the body's tissues |
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Order of gas exchange
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1. breathing moves air in and out of the lungs.
2.oxygen diffuses from alveoli in the lungs into capillaries 3. oxygen enters red blood cells, where it bind to the proein hemoglobin. 4. oxygen diffuses from the blood to the body's tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood. 5. carbon dioxide leaves the body when we exhale. |
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Order to carbon dioxide transport
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1. carbon dioxide is released from the mitochondria
2. carbon dioxide diffuses into a capillary 3.carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs. 4.carbon dioxide diffuses into an alveolus. 5.air exists through nose or mouth |
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Which of the following substances is not normally found in filtrate?
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blood cells and large particles
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What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?
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hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
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Which of the following would only be found in the glomerular filtrate if the glomerular membrane were damaged?
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protein
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If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?
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net filtration would decrease
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Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.
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25 mm Hg
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Most solutes that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule use which of the following pathways?
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transcellular
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During reabsorption of water in the proximal convoluted tubule, what causes water to diffuse from the lumen into the interstitial space?
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an increase in the osmolarity of the interstitium
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The decreased intracellular concentration of sodium in tubular cells during active transport is caused by which of the following mechanisms?
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the sodium-potassium ATPase pump in the basolateral membrane
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The active transport of which ion out of proximal convoluted tubule cells causes the reabsorption of both water and solutes?
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sodium
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Which of the following transporters in the luminal membrane results in secretion?
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Na+-H+ countertransport
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What is the limiting factor for the reabsorption of most actively transported solutes in the proximal tubule?
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number of transport carriers in the luminal membrane
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Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the urinary system?
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Regulation of insulin secretion
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Which of the following is NOT a secondary function of the kidneys?
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Glycogenolysis
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As the glomerular filtrate is formed, it flows from the Bowman'capsule into the _____________.
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proximal convoluted tubule
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The selective transport of molecules from the lumen of the renal tubules to the interstitial fluid outside the tubules is known as which of the following?
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Reabsorption
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Of the 800 millimoles of glucose that is filtered by the kidneys each day, what percentage is reabsorbed?
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100%
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In which portion of the nephron are glucose, amino acids, vitamins, urea, and choline reabsorbed?
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Proximal tubule
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Seventy percent of the water filtered from plasma at the renal corpuscle is reabsorbed in the_______________.
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proximal tubule
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Renin acts on ________________by cleaving off some amino acids, converting it to_____________.
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angiotensinogen; angiotensin I
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Which of the following events does NOT result in the conservation of water?
ADH secretion The secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) A decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) A decreased activity in venous and cardiac baroreceptors |
The secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
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