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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ndothelium contain direction of blood flow
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parallel
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Endothelium contains ____ junctions
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Gap
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What joins endothelila cells?
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Zonnula occludens, xonula adherents, desmosomes
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What synthestizes vonWillebrand factors?
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arterial endothethaili cells
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What is Von Willebrand diseases?
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Prolonges coagulation time and excessive bleeding
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What is the function of endothelium?
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Selective permebaility factor
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What classification is endothelium?
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Simple squeamous
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This like Oxygen and Carbion dioxide can ___ through the cellls
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diffuse
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Glucose, electriolytes pass by
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Faciliatted diffusion
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Passive transport does/does not ecpand eneregy and consists of ___ and __ transport
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not; diffusion; faciliatted diffusion
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Amino acides are transpoirted through_____
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active transport
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Endothelilai use ____ to transpoirt water, soluble proteins
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Pinocytosis
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What is trsnporterd with receptior mediated enocytosis?
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LDL, cholesterol
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What is a fenestration?
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Allows larger molecules to leave the vessel lumen
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Endothelial cells control the ____ of blood
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clotting
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The endothelial cells want to maintain a _______ barrier
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non-thrombogenic
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Epiltheilai cells produce
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Anti thrombogenics
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Anti-thronbogens prvenets
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Primary hemostatsi
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What is prstacyclin?
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INhibits platelet aggergation
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What is TPA?
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Fibrinolytic
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Endothelial cells also produce anti- ___
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coagulants
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What is thrombomodulin?
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An anticoagulate that prevents coagulation cascade
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After injury endothelial cells release
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Prothrombogenic substances
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What are examples of prothrombogenic substaces?
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vonWillebrand factor, Factor VIII (plateley aggegation); plasminogen activator inhibotor (promotes fibrin formation), tissue thromboplastin (initiation of thrombin)
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What is vascular resistance?
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Narrowing blood vessels to increase BP
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Endothelial cells modulate ____
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vascular resistantence
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What do they secrete to maintain vascular resitstance?
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Vasoconstrictors
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Examples of vasoconstrictors
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endopthelin,, Angiotensive converting enzyme
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What counters effect of vasoconstrioctors?
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Vasodilatpors
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Examples of vasolidilators
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Nitric oxid, prostacyclin
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Endothelial cells also modulate ______
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imune response
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The endothelial secretes _________ to stimulate diapedesis
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leukocyte adhesion molecules and receptores
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Diapedesis
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Leukocyte goes from lood to tissue to monoitor infection
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Endotheliail cells secrete hormones and reguilator factors to _______
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regulate hemateopoesis
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What is ACE?
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COnverts angiuotensin I to angetension II (blood capillaries) and increases blood pressure
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Endothelial cells produces inactivatores of
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Blood borne norepinephrine, thrombin, prostiglandins
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Endothelial cells can oxidize
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lipoproteines
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LDL, VDLS and cholesterol are oxidized by _____
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free radicals
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Oxidized lipoproiteins are phagocitizied by _____
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foam cells
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Three layers of the vascular systen
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Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica advnetitia
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Tunica intinma has ___epithelium and occasional ___ msucle
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Simple squeamous; muscle
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Tunica intima may haved an _______ layer
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internal elastic layer
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In the heart tunica intima is called
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endocardium
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Tunica media is concentrically arranged ____ muscle with varying about of CT
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Smooth muscle
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What is tunicamedia in heart?
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Mycoardium
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____ is logtiudionally arranged connective tissue
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Tunica adventitia
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Tunica adventitia is _____ in large veins
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smooth muscle
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Tunica adventitia in the heart
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epicardium
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Outer part of epicardium has
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mesothelium
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epicardium contains
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CT, fat, coronary vessels
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The ___ has the thickest mycardium
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Left ventricle
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Inner surface of myocardium
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Endocardium
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Outter lay of myocardium
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epicardium
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Endothelial cells in endocardium le on a ____ layer
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subendothelial
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The subendcoardial layers consists of ______
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Purkinje fibers
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The outtermost layer of the epicarduim is the ____
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visceral layer of the serous pericardium
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Sac that surrounds epicardium
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pericardium
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Epicardium contains ___ tissue
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adipose
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What is the central supporting structure of the heart?
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Cardiac sekelton
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What kind of copnnective tissue is the cardiac skeleton cosist of?
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Dense CT with island of chondroid
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Chrondoid also actas as an _____
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electrical insulator
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____ are masses of dense CT that connect annuli fibrosi
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Trigona fobrosa (L and R)
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The ___ is iwthin the upper portion of the intraventricular septum
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Septum mebranceum
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The rings which surround the cardiac skeleton
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Annuli fibrosi
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When bentricle contracts ___ Muselcs also contract
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Paillary muscles
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The ___ prevents blood from blowing back
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Papillary musclesTh
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The vlavles are covered by ___ ate the ventriculat and atrial side
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endothelium
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Layers of vallves
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endothelium, loose CTm Dense CT< elastic fibers
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Aortic valves are covered by
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endothelium
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Aortic valves contain _____
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dense CT
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Rheumatic fever is an inflammation that replaces elastic tissues by ____; observed in mitrral vakve
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collagen
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Rheumatic fever one can hear a _____
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heart murmur
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Rheumatic fever cal also calsue _____ stenosis
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pulmonary valve
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Pacemaker
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Small spoecilalied cardomycoites that spread deppolarization signal
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____ transmiot depolarization signal to ventricular mycoardium
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Purkinje fibers
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Parasympathtic ____ heart rat
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Slow
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Sympathetric nerves
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increase
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____ artieries are the arteries that come off of the aorta
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Elastic
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Elastic arteries have ______lamellae
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elastic
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Elastic recoil serves as a _____ pump
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subsidiary
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Examples of elastic artieris
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Pulmonary artery, subclavian, common carotid and common iliac
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Elastin organizes into _____
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circuferential sheets (layers)
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___ muscles is located between the smooth muscle sheets
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Smooth
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____ has cirumferential elastin sheets wmith smooth muscle
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Tunica media
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Smooth muscles synthesize _______ in elastic arteries
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ECM
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_____ branch from elastic artiers
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Muscular artiers (2-10 mm)
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Musuclar artiers have an _____ separating the initima from the media
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internal elastic membrane
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3-40 layers of ______ are in the tunica mediaq
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smooth muscle
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There is also an external _______
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elastic lamellae (elastic externa)
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___ is a plaque formation in medium and large artiers
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Athersclerosis
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Atherscleorisis is diue to damaged ______olesterol, H
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endothelium
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Causes of atherscleosisi
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High cholesterolm High BP, chronic inflammation, smoking, diabetes
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Damaged epithelium cayse platelets to ____ to epithelium
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stick
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Plateltes and endotheliali clells encourage ____ of smooth muscle in tthe intima
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proliferations
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Macrophage uptake oxidezed lipids and become _____
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foam cells
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Smooth muscles deposits ____ which depresses cells in median and cuases them to die
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collagen
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The large plaque (atheroma) may _____
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calcify
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A ___ may form
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thrombus
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Thrombosis may lead to
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stroke and myocardial infarction.
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Contraction of _____ play a critical role in BP regulation
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Arteriole smooth muscle
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Small arteries have ___ of smooth muscle while arteriloles have __ Layets
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3-8, 1-2
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Arteriole tone is controlled by
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endothelilai factors (Nitric ooxide, prostacyclin)
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Areriorl tone is controled by ___nervous system
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autonomous (norepinephrine)
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As peripheral resitsance increases ____ Increases
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blood pressure
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Arterioles are connected to ______
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capillary beds
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Arterioels branch off to ____ to connect to capillaries
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metarterioles
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____ restrict or allow flow to go through into capillaries
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precapillary sphinctes
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If tissue is not metaboliccaly active the sphincters will _____
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close and blood won't get out into capillaries
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The metartertial becomes a ______
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thoroughfare channel
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What is a Arteriorvenous anastempsis (AVA)
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Dierct rouite from artery to veins that bypass capillary bed
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In cold environment AVA are ____
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open
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In warm environment AVA are ______-
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closed so blood can go through capillaries
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Capillaries are ___ in diameter
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7-9 microns
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_____ are absent in capillaries
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Tubnic media and tunica dventitia
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What is a perciyte?
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Occluding junction that binds epithelila cvells to eachother
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Pericytes are enclosed iun the
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basal laminae
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Three types of capillaries
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Continius, fenestrated and sinusoid
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Characyeristisc of continous epithelium
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tight occulding junctions
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Location of continous capillaties
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,uscle, lung, exocrine glands
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Fenestrated capillaries are in
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edncorine glands; gallbladder, intestine, kidney, chridud plexus
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Fenestrated capillaries function for `
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rapid fluid exchange
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Where are sinusoid capillaries
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Liver,. spleen.,bone marriw
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Strcuture of sinusoids
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larger diameter, discontoiunius epitheliali lining with large fenestrations
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Sinudois are specialized for
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rapid exchange of large molecules and cells
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When several capillaries unite a ____ is formed
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postcapillary venule
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Postcapillary venules consist of a layer of _____
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endothelial
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Leukocytes migrate in tissue via _____
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venules
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Medium sized veins have a ___ TM
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thin
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In veins __ is thicker than tha media
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adventitia
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Veins are ____ vessles
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capacitance
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Capacitance vessles can ____ a lot of boold
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store
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Venous walls are ___ in relation ot the vellse diinmaeter than arteriar walls
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thinner
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Medium veins have ____
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Valves
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Valves are covered in ___-
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endothelium
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Valves are derived from the _____
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intima
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Valves prevent
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Retorgrade flow
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A ____ Pump works in assistance with valces
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muscular
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Varicose veins are _____ veins
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malfunctioning
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Vericose veins become ____
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enlargedm swollen
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Tunica media in large veins is
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thins
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In large veins TA there are longitudinally directed bundles of
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smooth vessel
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Large veins have no ____
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valves
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Examples of large veins
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Vena cava, subclavian, portal splenic, spereior mesenteric, external iliac, renal, azygous
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Arteruak portal system occurs within the
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kidnet
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In arteriolr ortal system there is an ____ between two capillary beds
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arteriole (afferent and efferent capillary)
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In venous portal system there is a ____ between two veins
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capillary bed
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Lymphatic vessles colleced fluid from ___ and return it to the blood
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tissue space
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Lymphatic vessels are sacs that form ___ tha form to join collecting lymphatics
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tubes
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Lymph nodes act as ___ for lymph
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filters
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Lymphat ic vessles conists of a layer of ____
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epithelium
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_____ connect lymphatic capillaruies to the surrounding colalgen fibers and keep them open
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Anchoring filaments
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You will never find a ___ in a lymphatic
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RBC
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Larger lymphatic vessles have ____ and ______
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valves and smooth muscles
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Lymph coalseces is ______ and _____
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thoracic duct and right lymphatic trunk which dump into venous system
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Lumens of veins are often ______ with irregular shaped
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collapsed
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Veins have ___ layers with a ____ adventitia
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indistrinct layers, thick
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