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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Identify the 4 types of bacterial relationships.
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Mutualism
Commensalism -Satellitism Parasitism |
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mutualism
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both partners benefit from relationship
i.e. bacteria in human intestines; humans get vitamins from them |
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commensalism
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only one partner benefits from relationship, but no harm is done to the other
i.e. bacteria living on our skin (normal flora) that get food from us |
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satellitism
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a type of commensalism;
haemophilus influenzae uses factors from s. aureus to grow, but no harm is done to s. aureus |
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parasitism
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a 'parasite' benefits at the expense of the 'host'
Medically, parasites are helminths (tapewords, roundworms, etc.). Scientifically, parasites are anything foreign that enter the body (i.e. a pathogen) is a parasite. |
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normal flora
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not-typically-disease-causing microorganisms normally found in and on healthy individual; also called microbiota
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Identify 3 ways that normal flora benefit human beings.
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Cover binding sites
Consume nutrients Produce compounds toxic to other microorgs |
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disease
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impairment of body function
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infection
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microorgs colonize your body
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symptoms
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effects of a disease FELT by a patient
i.e. anxiety, lower back pain, fatigue |
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signs
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effects of a disease physically observed by a medical practitioner
i.e. rash, high blood sugar, bloody nose |
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Identify the 2 types of pathogens.
Define them. |
primary pathogen - microorgs that cause disease in healthy people
opportunistic pathogen - microorgs that can only cause disease when the immune system is already compromised i.e. dieases people catch while at the hospital |
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virulence
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extreme harmfulness (as the capacity of a microorganism to cause disease); the higher, the more dangerous
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systemic
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affecting the entire body; spread throughout the body
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-emia
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in the blood
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toxemia
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toxins in the blood
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viremia
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viruses in the blood
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septicemia
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pathogens in the blood causing acute, life-threatening illness
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Identify the 3 types of disease in regards to development.
Define each and give an example. |
acute - develops rapidly but is soon over (i.e. food poisoning)
chronic - develops slowly and is not soon over (i.e. TB) latent - sign-less or symptom-less for a long while before signs and symptoms appear; stays in the body forever and lies dormant (i.e. AIDS, chickenpox) |
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Robert Koch
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proved that a microorg could cause disease given that a set of rules were satisfied; 1800s
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What of these test the gene? Test the microorg?
Koch's postulates Molecular postulates |
Koch's postulates tests the microorg.
Molecular postulates tests the gene. |
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Robert Koch
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proved that a microorg could cause disease given that a set of rules were satisfied; 1800s
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What of these test the gene? Test the microorg?
Koch's postulates Molecular postulates |
Koch's postulates tests the gene.
Koch's postulates tests the microorg. |
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List Koch's postulates. (4)
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1. Microorg must be present in every case of the disease.
2. Grow microorg in pure culture from the diseased host. 3. Inject healthy host (i.e. animal) w/ pure culture & host has to get disease. 4. Isolate microorg from injected host. |
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List the molecular postulates. (5)
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1. Gene or gene product must be present in every case of the disease.
2. Turn gene on, you get disease. (Gene must go through translation & transcription.) 3. Turn gene off, you do NOT get disease. 4. Gene must be expressed during the course of disease. 5. Ab/immune cells specific for gene product should be produced by & protect the host |
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What specific Ab are used to fight microorgs? Why?
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We use IgA Ab because they recognize and cover up adhesins on the microorgs pili.
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What must a microorg do in order to infect you?
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Attach/bind to your cells
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adhesins
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bacterial proteins that promote adherence to host-cell membranes
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If a microorg makes MORE pili (w/ adhesins on them), what is the body's immune response?
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Send more IgA Ab to cover them up.
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IgA protease
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enzyme that is produced by some microorgs that can cut up IgA antibody
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complement proteins
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detects foreign objects (i.e. microorgs) and initiates their destruction
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What happens when a complement protein runs into a bacteria and binds?
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Signal is sent out for more complementary proteins to come
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What happens when a complement protein runs into a human cell and binds?
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Regulatory proteins tell complementary proteins to not destroy human cell
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What is the function of sialic acid in bacteria?
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It makes the human immune system think that the bacteria is a human cell and they bypass complementary proteins
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Identify the 3 ways microorgs can avoid Ab.
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IgA protease
Antigenic variation Mimic host cell |
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antigenic variation
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microorgs change the adhesive proteins on their outer surface
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phagocytosis
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the engulfing of debris or pathogens
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List the 5 steps of phagocytosis.
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1. Find pathogens (or foreign matter) via chemotaxis released by body
2. Adhesion - recognize & bind 3. Ingestion of pathogen 4. Killing (aka digestion) 5. Elimination (exocytosis) |
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chemotaxis
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chemical signals released from cells present at the site of infection/wound; uses C5A to attract phagocytic cells to site of damage
Note: Some microorgs can interfere with chemotaxis. |
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C5a peptidase (in microorgs)
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destroys C5a
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cytolytic toxins (in microorgs)
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punches holes in the membranes of macrophages
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C5a
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component used in chemotaxis to attract phagocytic cells to site of damage
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What complement protein is used in adherence (phagocytosis)?
What is its function? |
C3b - used for recognizing and binding
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opsonization
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the process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte
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List 3 ways a microorg can prevent opsonization.
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1. Microorgs w/ capsules can destroy C3b.
2. Microorgs that bind to regulatory proteins turn C3b off. 3. Fe receptors that bind prevent Ab from working |
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How else can a microorg survive once it is past adherence (phagocytosis)? (2)
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1. Punch holes in phagosome
2. Prevent fusion of phagosome & lysosome |
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exotoxins
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primarily proteins that are released/produced by living bacteria
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List the 3 types of exotoxins.
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A.B. Toxins
Membrane-damaging toxins Superantigens |
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AB toxins
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interfere with host's cell function; A = active; B = binding
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membrane-damaging toxins
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damages the host's cell membrane; i.e. phospholipase destroys the phospholipids in the bacterial membrane
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superantigen toxins
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bind directly to the outside of MHC-II molecules and results in the activation of a large number of T4-cells; too much of an immune response
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What is the body's defense against exotoxins?
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production of antitoxin antibodies
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phospholipase
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destroys the phospholipids in the bacterial membrane
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antigen MHC complex
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foreign body that is 'chewed up' and displayed to the immune system; activates T-cells
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endotoxin
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the lipopolysccharide (lipid) component of gram (-) bacteria
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lipopolysccharide
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dangerous cell wall component of gram (-) bacteria
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Which is more toxic: exotoxin or endotoxin?
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Exotoxin
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Which is made of proteins: exotoxin or endotoxin?
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Exotoxin
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Which is made of lipids: exotoxin or endotoxin?
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Endotoxin
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Which is less stable and can be destroyed by heat: exotoxin or endotoxin? Why?
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Exotoxin because it is a protein
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Identify the function of interferons.
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It signals cells to stop protein production when viral invasion is detected. If no proteins are produced, virus cannot replicate.
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If the immune system realizes that no interferons are released when a virus is detected, what is their next step?
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Release natural killer (NK) cells
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keratinase
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destroys keratin, which is located in the human skin
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What eukaryotic pathogen have keratinase?
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Fungi
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Identify the eukaryotic pathogen that causes thrush and yeast infections.
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Yeast
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communicable disease
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passed from one host to another (particularly when all individuals involved are of the same species)
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non-communicable disease
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not passed from one host to another; individual must go to the disease
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reservoirs
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where disease lives, i.e. skin, mouth, pet, environment
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transmission
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how disease (microorg) gets into the host, i.e. cough, feces, shedding skin cells, drinking water
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What causes Spelunker's disease or "Cave Disease"?
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Disease caused by breathing in the Histoplasma capsulatum fungus; it exists in bird/bat droppings in caves
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Is Spelunker's disease communicable or non-communicable?
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It is non-communicable b/c you have to go to it. You cannot get it from another human.
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morbidity rate
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# ill per unit of time/total population
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mortality rate
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# die per unit of time/total population
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incidence
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# new cases per unit of time/100,000; your chance of getting disease
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prevalence
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# of total cases, both old & new; duration of disease in population; how long you will have disease
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endemic
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disease always present, i.e. cold, flu
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epidemic
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unusually large # of cases
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pandemic
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unusually large # of cases (epidemic) that spread worldwide
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How do we control wild animals that are acting as reservoirs for disease?
How do we control humans that are acting as reservoirs for disease? |
Wild animals - Kill or quarantine
Humans - Quarantine |
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Is it easier to control symptomatic or asymptomatic diseases?
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Symptomatic
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In gonorrhea, men _____ symptoms and women _____ symptoms.
(have / do not have) |
Men have symptoms.
Women do not have symptoms. |
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botulism
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rare form of food poisoning caused by Clostridium
botulinum bacteria; results in dizziness, vomiting, paralysis, death (from respiratory paralysis) |
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cryptosporidium parvum
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protozoa residing in the intestines; results in diarrhea lasting 2 weeks; transmission is from contaminated water
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Why won't water filter treatments work against cryptosporidium parvum?
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Cryptosporidium parvum is so small that it pass through the filters.
You have to boil it to get rid of it. |
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List the 3 vectors of disease and what they transmit.
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Fleas - Yersinia pestis from rats to humans
Mosquitos - Plasmodium vivax (protozoa) causes malaria Flies - Transmit pathogens via landing on feces, then on food |
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nosocomial infection
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infection you get when you are at the hospital
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List the 3 factors for nosocomial infections.
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Transmission
Weakened immune system Presence of microorgs in hospital environment |
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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a bacteria very resistant to antibiotics that grows on sinks, toilets, respirators, AC systems; causes pneumonia
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epidemiology
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branch of medicine dealting w/ the incidence and prevalence of disease in large populations; also, w/ detection of source & cause of epidemics
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pathology
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study of the origin, nature, and course of diseases
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What type of cells produce mucous?
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Vertical cells
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List the 2 human membranes used for protection.
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Skin and mucous
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innate immunity
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immunity one is born with and is the initial response by the body to eliminate microbes and prevent infection
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adaptive immunity
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immunity that develops through life; antigen-specific defense mechanisms that take days to become protective and are designed to react with and remove a specific antigen
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keratin
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water repellent protein that holds dead skin cells together on skin
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Bacteria try to get in our bodies via __________ because it is easier to penetrate.
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mucous membranes
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Why are mucous membranes easier to penetrate than skin?
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Mucous membranes are moist.
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Identify the function of antimicrobial substances of humans.
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Aid humans in defeating diseases caused by microorgs
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List the antimicrobial substances that humans have. (5)
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Lysozyme
Peroxidase Lactoferrin & Transferrin Defensins |
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lysozyme
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enzyme that degrades the peptidoglycan layer of bacteria; found in tears, saliva, mucous, phagocytes, & blood
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peroxidase
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enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorite (main ingredient in bleach); found in saliva, mother's milk, & phagocytes
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lactoferrin & transferrin
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iron-binding proteins; found in saliva, mucous, mother's milk, & blood
-no bacteria can use it to activate |
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defensins
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short peptides that form pores in bacterial membranes, thus killing bacteria; found in mucous & phagocytes
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What do some bacteria have to counteract the effect of peroxidase?
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Catalase
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catalase
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breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
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List the 3 types of granulocytes.
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Neutrophils
Basophils Eosinophils |
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neutrophils
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most abundant, acts as phagocytes to remove bacteria & damaged cells
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basophils
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involved in allergic reactions & inflammation; contains histamine
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eosinophils
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assists basophils in allergic reactions & inflammation; involved in removing parasitic worms
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List the 2 types of mononuclear phagocytes. Define each.
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macrophages - act as phagocytes
dendritic cells - highly branched cells gathering antigen information |
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List the 3 types of lymphocytes. Define each.
[ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYS. ONLY] |
B-cells - makes Abs
T- cells - helps to activate B-cells and/or destroy bad cells NK cell - destroy specially marked cells (i.e. infected host cells) |