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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Adaptive immunity
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Body's specific defense against a foreign invader (ability to defend against specific infectious agents)
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Antigens (AG)
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Substance that provokes an immune response (Antibody Generator)
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humoral immunity
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carried out by the antibodies that circulate in your blood (b cells and antibodies, extracellular fluids: blood plasma, lymph and mucous, defense is primarily against bacteria, toxins, and viruses located outside of human cell
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cellular immunity
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specialized cells called T cells
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t cells
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regulate activation of other immune cells such as macrophage
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T cells
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will bind to an antigen presented on the outside of an infected cell and releases cytokins >causes other immune cells to perform a specific function
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Types of Adaptive immunity
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Active, and Passive
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Active
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T/B cells activated to produce AB
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Passive
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"ready-made" AB introduced into body
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naturally acquired active immunity
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antigen exposure through daily life illness (lifelong immunity: chicken pox, measels
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naturally acquired passive immunity
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transfer of AB from a mother to an infant or in the womb=breastfeeding>short lived immunity
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artificially acquired active immunity
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vaccination using a prepared antigen
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artificially acquired passive immunity
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AB"harvested" from an individual exposed to disease, purified and injected into recipient
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Antigens
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proteins, and large polyscaccharides =m/o components>capsule, cell wall, flagella, and toxins
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Antigens
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nonmicrobial antigens: pollens, eggwhites, blood cell surface molecules
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T cells
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will bind to an antigen presented on the outside of an infected cell and releases cytokins >causes other immune cells to perform a specific function
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Types of Adaptive immunity
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Active, and Passive
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Active
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T/B cells activated to produce AB
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Passive
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"ready-made" AB introduced into body
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naturally acquired active immunity
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antigen exposure through daily life illness (lifelong immunity: chicken pox, measels
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Antigenisc determinant (epitope)
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specific region on the antigen that the antibody reacts with
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Antibodies (immunoglobulins IG)
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proteins made in response to an antigen results of antibody-antigen binding=antibodies do not destroy the antigen, just aid in its removal
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Antibodies
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2 identical antigen binding sites per antibody
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Antibody Structure
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4 protein Chains, 2 light and 2 heavy
constant and variable region FC region-if exposed can bind complement |
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5 classes of AB
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GAMED
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IgM
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1st AB produced in response to initial infection/Pentamer
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IgG
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increased phagocytosis, neutralize toxins, and viruses/fetus and newborn protection
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IgA
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secretions (tears, salivia, mucous)(protection of mucosal surface)
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IgD
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function not known/found on b cells
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IgE
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Allergic reactions and lysis of parasitic worms
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humoral immunity
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carried out by AB:
Stem cell>bone marrow>live (bcells) |
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antibody production
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b cells exposed to freely circulating Ag
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antibody production
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B cell is activated; differentiates into a plasma cell producing antibody against the antigen
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Antibody production
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memory cells are also formed and remain waiting for the second exposure to that particular antigen
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Results of AG-Ab binding
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Ab does NOT destroy Ag just assists in removal
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Results of AG-Ab binding
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aggultination, opsonization, neutralizatoin, complement activation, inflammation, ADCC: antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (invaders too large for phagocytosis) large worms
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ADCC
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Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (invaders too large for phagocytosis (large worms))
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Results of AG-AB binding
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ab binding to Ag "tags" foreign cells/molecules to be neutralized or destroyed by phagocytosis, active complement, or cytotoxic cells
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Immunological Memory
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IgM and IgG
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Primary Response
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IgM is the highest amount after the initial exposure, IgG is present later and in a lower amount
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Secondary Response
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immune response intensifies on the second exposure to the same antigen (IgG high, IgM low)
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The secondary (anamnestic) immune response
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provides for immunological "memory" usually lifelong immunity and produced following exposure to an infectious agent
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Cell mediated immunity: carried out by T-lymphocytes
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Stem cell>thymus>t cell>lymphoid tissue
control INTRA cellular pathogens |
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T-cells: 2 primary types (based upon differences in cell surface markers and function)
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CD4-bearing Tcells: helper TH cells (T helper cells)
HIV targets CD4 bearing T cells |
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Cytokines
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chemicals produced by tH cells that influence the activity of other immune cells
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Th1:
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usually going to activate cells related to cell mediated immunity (macrophage CD8)
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TH2:
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produce cytokines associated with allergic reactions or respond to parasitic infections
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T cell activation
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antigen presenting cells (APC's), MHC (major histocompatibility complex), T Cell activation
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Antigen Presenting cells (APC's)
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macrophage B cells and dendritic cells-processed antigen displayed on surface and presented to T cell
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T cell activation
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once antigen displayed on APC surface, T cells can interact and direct immune cells (cytokines)
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The two branches of the specific immune system work together
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Humoral, cell mediated
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humoral: freely circulating pathogens
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B cell (APC) binds to an AG
T helper cell realeased cytokines so B cell will begin to produce AB B cells also differentiated into memory cells for 2nd encounter |
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Cell Mediated (intracellular pathogens)
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Ag expressed on cell surface of an APC
T helper cells binds MHC -AG complex T helper cell released cytokines to cause tc to differentiate and plasma cells and macrophage activated tc lyses infected cell using enzyme perforin |
