Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is gag?
|
Gene that encodes for p24 capsid, the nucleocapsid in HIV
|
|
What is env?
|
Gene that encodes for gp41 and gp120 proteins, the envelope proteins in HIV.
|
|
What is p17?
|
Interior envelope protein in HIV
|
|
What is p24?
|
Nucleocapsid protein in HIV, coded for by gag gene.
|
|
What is gp41?
|
Envelope protein which traverses bilayer. If it is a mushroom stalk, then gp120 is the head. Both coded for by env.
|
|
What is gp120?
|
Envelope protein that serves as mushroom cap to gp41 stalk. Both coded for by env.
|
|
What is pol?
|
Gene which codes for HIV reverse transcriptase
|
|
HIV diagnostic tests
|
Presumptive diagnosis: ELISA (sensitive, high false-positive rate, and low threshhold) - Confirmation: Western blot assay (specific, high false-negative rate, and high threshold) - PCR viral load used to monitor drug therapy on viral load
|
|
Timeframe for HIV diagnosis
|
ELISA/Western blot often: Falsely negative in first 1-2 months of HIV infection - Falsely positive initially in babies born to infected mothers (anti-gp120 crosses placenta)
|
|
AIDS diagnosis
|
One of the following: 1. less than 200 CD4 cells 2. HIV positive with AIDS indicator condition (eg pneumocystis infection) 3. CD4/CD8 ratio less than 1.5
|
|
CCR5 mutation: What does it mean in terms of susceptibility?
|
HIV susceptibility.
Homozygous = immunity Heterozygous = slower course (long-term non production) |
|
CXCR1 mutation: What does this mean in terms of susceptibility?
|
HIV susceptibility.
Rapid progression to AIDS. |
|
What is the likelihood of CCR5 mutation among Caucasians for homo and heterozygous?
|
% of US caucasians: Homozygous: 1 Heterozygous: 20
|
|
Relative HIV-related levels aproximately 1.5 months after infection
|
In descending order:
1. CD4 lymphocytes (initial through) 2. Virus p24 antigen (initial peak) 3. Anti-p24 Ab 4. Anti-gp120 Abs - Highest period of acute symptoms |
|
Relative HIV-related levels aproximately 2 months after infection
|
In descending order:
1. CD4 lymphocytes (rise from initial trough back to near pre-infection levels before leveling out [the mark of end of acute symptoms]) 2. Anti-p24 Ab (Reaching peak [not reached until approximately 3 years]) 3. Anti-gp120 Abs (Reaching peak [not reached until approximately 3 years]) 4. Virus p24 antigen (very low levels) |
|
Relative HIV-related levels more than 3 years after infection: Early phase
|
In descending order:
1. CD4 lymphocytes (begins linear descent) 2. Anti-p24 Ab (descent begins at faster rate than CD4) 3. Anti-gp120 Abs (slow descent begins) 4. Virus p24 antigen (slow rise) |
|
Relative HIV-related levels more than 3 years after infection: First middle phase
|
In descending order:
1. CD4 lymphocytes (continues linear descent) 2. Anti-gp120 Abs (slow descent continues) 3. Anti-p24 Ab (having dropped below Anti-gp120, descent continues at slower rate) 4. Virus p24 antigen (fast rise begins) |
|
Relative HIV-related levels more than 3 years after infection: Second middle phase
|
In descending order:
1. CD4 lymphocytes (continues linear descent) AND 2. Virus p24 antigen (already passed gp-120 Abs and about to pass CD4 lymphocytes) 3. Anti-gp120 Abs (slow descent continues) 4. Anti-p24 Ab (approximately 1/3 amount of p24 antigen, slow descent continues) |
|
Relative HIV-related levels more than 3 years after infection: Third middle phase
|
In descending order:
1. Virus p24 antigen (already passed gp-120 Abs and about to pass CD4 lymphocytes) 2. CD4 lymphocytes (continues linear descent, about to drop below anti-g120 Abs) 3. Anti-gp120 Abs (slow descent continues) 4. Anti-p24 Ab (approximately 1/3 to 1/4 amount of p24 antigen, slow descent continues) |
|
Relative HIV-related levels more than 3 years after infection: Late phase
|
In descending order:
1. Virus p24 antigen (leveled out at nearly 20x anti-p24 antibody) 2. Anti-gp120 Abs (little less than half p24 antigen) 3. Anti-p24 Ab (1/20 amount of p24 antigen) AND 4. CD4 lymphocytes |
|
Opportunistic infections and disease in AIDS attacking the brain
|
1. Cryptococcal meningitis 2. Toxoplasmosis 3. CMV encephalopathy 4. AIDS dementia 5. PML (JC virus)
|
|
Opportunistic infections and disease in AIDS attacking the eyes
|
CMV retinitis
|
|
Opportunistic infections and disease in AIDS attacking the mouth and throat
|
1. Thrush (Candida albicans) 2. HSV 3. CMV 4. Oral hairy leukoplakia (EBV)
|
|
Opportunistic infections and disease in AIDS attacking the lungs
|
1. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) 2. TB 3. Histoplasmosis
|
|
Opportunistic infections and disease in AIDS attacking the GI tract
|
1. Cryptosporidiosis 2. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex 3. CMV colitis 4. non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (EBV)
|
|
Opportunistic infections and disease in AIDS attacking the skin
|
1. Shingles (VZV) 2. Kaposi's sarcoma (HHV-8)
|
|
Opportunistic infections and disease in AIDS attacking the genitals
|
1. Genital herpes 2. Genital warts 3. Cervical cancer (HPV)
|
|
When does HIV encephalitis occur?
|
Late in the course of HIV infection
|
|
Mechanism of HIV encephalitis
|
Virus gains CNS access via infected macrophages
|
|
Pathologic presentation of HIV encephalitis
|
Microglial nodules with multinucleated giant cells
|
|
What are prions?
|
Infectious agents that do not contain RNA or DNA, only proteins, that are encoded by cellular genes.
|
|
Diseases caused by prions
|
1. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 2. Kuru 3. Scrapie (in sheep) 4. Mad cow disease (association with human spongiform encephalopathy) 5. Fatal familial insomnia
|
|
What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
|
Prion caused disease with rapid progressive dementia
|
|
Mechanism of prion pathology
|
Normal proteins (alpha-helices) become pathologic (beta-pleated sheets)
|