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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is skin histology
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the study of the structure and composition of the skin tissue.
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physiology
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the study of the functions of living organism
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integumentary system
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skin
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basic material and building blocks for our body's tissues
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proteins
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skin contains what fraction of the blood in the body?
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one-half to two-thirds
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the skin contains what fraction of the immunity cells of the body?
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one-half
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what is the pH of the acid mantle
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5.5
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what protects skin from external factors such as invasion by certain bacteria
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sebum
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acid mantle is made of
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protective barrier made up of sebum,lipids, sweat,and water.
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hydrolipidic film
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an oil-water balance that protects the skin surface.
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intercellular matrix
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lipid substances between corneum cells that protect the cells from water loss and irritation
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what are some problems due to damage of the barrier function
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sensitivity, aging, and dehydration
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hormone that stimulate skin cells to reproduce and heal
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epidermal growth factor; EGF
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fibroblasts
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cell stimulators. also it aids in production of collagen and elastin.
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how does the body maintain thermoregulation
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through evaporation, perspiration, and insulation
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how do we protect ourselves from the cold
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constriction of blood vessels and decreasing blood flow. plus fat layers help to insulate and keep warm.
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what are sweat gland openings
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pores
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what are follicles
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tube like depressions with oil glands attached to them. they may or may not have hair.
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sudoriferous glands
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sweat glands. excrete perspiration and detoxifies the body by excreting excess water, salt, and unwanted chemicals.
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sebum
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oily substance that protects the surface of the skin and lubricates both hair and skin.
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sebaceous glands
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also known as oil glands. they are appendages attached to follicles that produce sebum.
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outermost layer of the skin
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epidermis
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list skin layers from uppermost layer to basement layer
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stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum ,stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum
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keratinocytes
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composed of keratin and compose 95 percent of the epidermis.
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keratin
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a fibrous protein that provides resiliency and protection to the skin.
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which layer of skin is the esthetician primarily concerned
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stratum corneum
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outermost layer of epidermis
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stratum corneum, also known as horny layer
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corneocytes
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keratinocytes on the surface have hardened into corneocytes. these deaf protein cells have dried out and lack nuclei. these are the water proof protective cells.
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desquamation
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keratinocytes are continously asked from a process called desquamation.
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average adult turnover rate
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28 days. slows down with age
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what do we know about the keratinocytes in the stratum lucidum
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contain clear keratin.
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what do the cells in the stratum lucidum release
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lipids forming bilayers of oil and water.
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which layer gives us our unique finger prints
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stratum lucidum
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stratum granulosum
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granular layer. composed of cells that resemble granules and are filled with keratin.
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which layer does the production of keratin and intercellular lipids take place
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stratum granulosum
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explain where and how the structures that hold cells together are broke down
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in the stratum granulosum. enzymes dissolve the structures also called desmosomes. as they become keratinized they move up and replace cells shed from the stratum corneum.
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desmosomes
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keratin filaments; the protein bonds that create the junctions between the cells. these strengthen the epidermis and assist in intercellular communication.
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stratum spinosum
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spiny layer. cell apendages, which resemble prickly spines, become desmosomes. langerhans immune cells are also found here.
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protects the body from infection by identifying foreign materials or antigens.
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langerhans immune cells
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what is the largest layer of the epidermis
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stratum spinosum
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which layer do stem cells undergo continuous mitosis
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stratum germinativum
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describe where and how melanin is produced
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the stratum germinativum contain melanocytes which are cells that produce pigment granules in the basal layer. the pigment carrying granules are called melanosomes. these produce a complex protein melanin. one melanocyte will deposit pigment carrying melanosomes into about 30 keratinocytes through its dendrites.
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how does damage to DNA effect melanin?
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triggers melanocyte stimulating hormones to produce melanin.
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dendrites
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are the arms or cellular projections that branch out to interact with other cells in the extracellular matrix between cells.
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tyrosinase
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is the enzyme that stimulates melanocytes and this produces melanin.
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about how many melanocytes per square mm or one-eighth square inch.
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over 1000
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what accounts for the difference in in skin color
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every person has the same number of melanocytes, but different amounts of melanin activated in the skin and the way it is distributed.
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what are the two types of melanin
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pheomelanin; red to yellow. eumelanin; dark brown to black
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products that suppress melanin by interrupting biochemical processes are referred to as
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brightening agents. some are called tyrosinase inhibitors.
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what are some other names for dermis
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derma, cornium, cutis, or true skin.
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what is the support layer of connective tissues below the epidermis
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dermis
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the dermis is about how many times thicker than the epidermis
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25
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the dermis is primarily comprised of
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connective tissues made of collagen protein and elastin fibers.
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a protein substance of complex fibers that gives skin its strength and is necessary for wound healing
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collagen
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what produces collagen
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fibroblasts cells produce protein and aid in the production of collagen and elastin
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makes up 70 percent of the dermis
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collagen
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lymphocytes
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fight infection
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langerhans
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guard cells
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mast cells
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involved in allergic reactions
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leukocytes
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white blood cells to fight infection
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extracellular matrix
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in the dermis is a fluid called ground substance or extracellular matrix. it's composed of collagen, other proteins, and GAGs.
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hyaluronic acid
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is a GAG. glycosaminoglycans water binding protein substance found between the fibers of the dermis.
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