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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Comprised of muscles that provide joint support and stabilization.
Present throughout the core and connect directly to the spine to produce inter- and intra-segmental support for the vertebrae during functional movements. stabilize the spine to allow the rest of the body a steady place to produce force from. |
Local Musculature System (Stabilization)
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transverse abdominus, multifidus, internal oblique, diaphragm, and the pelvic floor muscles
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Primary local-system muscles
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Made up of the larger, more superficial muscles that work synergistically to create functional movement.
Movements involve force-couple relationships to create force around the joints, as well as transfer and absorb forces from the upper and lower extremities to the LPHC. |
Global Musculature System (Movement)
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deep longitudinal sub-system (DLS)
posterior oblique sub-system (POS) anterior oblique sub-system (AOS) lateral sub-system (LS) |
Four sub-systems of the global movement system
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Works synergistically to transfer and absorb ground reaction forces between the trunk and the ground.
Peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, long head of the biceps femoris, sacrotuberous ligament, thoracolumbar fascia, erector spinae |
Deep Longitudinal Sub-system (DLS)
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Consists of the latissimus dorsi and the contralateral gluteus maximus, with the thoracolumbar fascia creating a fascial bridge for the cross-body connection.
Works concurrently with the DLS to absorb and distribute forces during walking or running. Highly important in rotational movements, provide an important role in LPHC stabilization. Work concurrently with the AOS to support rotational patterns. Right and left latissimus dorsi, and right and left gluteus maximus muscles=“X” pattern on the posterior body |
Posterior Oblique Sub-system (POS)
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Internal and external obliques, the adductor complex, and the hip external rotators.
External obliques and contralateral adductors= “X” pattern made across the front of the body. Synergistic coupling creates stability throughout the LPHC. Aids in rotational movements, leg swing, and SIJ stabilization. |
Anterior Oblique Sub-system (AOS)
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Made up the gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae (TFL), and adductors on the same side (ipsilateral) of the body, and the quadratus lumborum (QL) on the opposite side (contralateral).
Works to maintain frontal plane stabilization of the LPHC, as well as patelloralfemoral stability. Dysfunction is noticeable in squatting patterns when knees cave inward from hip adduction and internal rotation, femur-on-tibial external Also indicated if there is hip hiking or hip dropping, with unwanted frontal plane movement characterized by decreased strength and neuromuscular control. |
Lateral Sub-system (LS)
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Nerve impulses that move toward thespinal cord and brain from the periphery of the body and are sensory in nature.
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Afferent neurons
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Muscle that works asthe prime mover of a joint exercise.
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Agonist
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Process by which a short muscle, a tight muscle, and/or myofascialadhesions in the muscle cause decreased neural drive of its functionalantagonist
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Altered reciprocal inhibition
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Muscles that opposethe prime mover
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Antagonists
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Subsystem of the global movement system composed of the internal andexternal obliques, the adductor complex, and the hip external rotators. Thesynergistic coupling of the AOS creates stability from the trunk, through thepelvis, and to the hips. It contributes to rotational movements, leg swing, andstabilization. The AOS and POS work together in enabling rotational forceproduction in the transverse plane
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Anterior oblique subsystem (AOS)
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Portion of theskeleton that includes the bones that connect to the spinal column includingthe upper extremities and lower extremities
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Appendicular skeleton
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Vessels thattransport blood away from the heart
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Arteries
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The motions of thejoints in the body
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Arthrokinematics
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Small mass ofspecialized cardiac muscle fibers located on the wall of the right atrium ofthe heart that receives impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node and directs themto the walls of the ventricles
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Atrioventricular (AV) node
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Valves that allow for proper blood flow from the atria to theventricles
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Atrioventricular (AV) valves
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Portion of theskeletal system that consists of the bones of the skull, rib cage, andvertebral column
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Axial skeleton
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A cylindricalprojection from the cell body that transmits nerve impulses to other neurons oreffector sites
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Axon
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The examination ofhow biological structural integrity may occur
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Biotensegrity
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The smallest bloodvessels and the site of water and gas exchange between the blood and tissues
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Capillaries
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Heart ratemultiplied by stroke volume; a measure of the overall performance of the heart
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Cardiac output (Q̇)
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System of the body composed of the cardiovascular and respiratorysystems
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Cardiorespiratory system
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System of the bodycomposed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels
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Cardiovascular system
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The portion of theneuron that contains the nucleus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and Golgi complex
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Cell body
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The division of the nervous system comprising the brain and the spinalcord. Its primary function is to coordinate activity of all parts of the body
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Central nervous system (CNS)
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A cycle whereby an injury will induce inflammation, muscle spasm,adhesions, altered neuromuscular control, and muscle imbalances. Muscleimbalance can lead to more inflammation, and the cycle repeats
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Cumulative injury cycle
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Subsystem of the global movement system that includes the peroneuslongus, anterior tibialis, long head of the biceps femoris, sacrotuberousligament, thoracolumbar fascia, and erector spinae. These muscles work togetherto create a contracting tension to absorb and control ground reaction forcesduring gait
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Deep longitudinal subsystem (DLS)
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The portion of aneuron that is responsible for gathering information from other structures
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Dendrite
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Motor neurons that send a message for muscles to contract
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Efferent neurons
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Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
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Force-couple relationship
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An organ thatsecretes hormones into the bloodstream to regulate a variety of bodilyfunctions, such as mood, growth and development, tissue function, or metabolism
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Gland
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System composed of four subsystems that are designed for larger musclesto work synergistically in larger movement patterns, such as a combinationsquat to row exercise
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Global muscular system
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Receptorssensitive to the change in tension of the muscle, and the rate of that change.
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Golgi tendon organs (GTOs)
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The rate at which the heart pumps;usually measured in beats per minute (bpm).
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Heart rate (HR)
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Chemical messengersthat enter the bloodstream to attach to target tissues and target organs
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Hormones
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Decrease in normal movement andfunctionality of a joint, which affects range of motion
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Hypomobility
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Only located withinthe spinal cord and brain; receive impulses from afferent (sensory) neurons andconduct back out to provide a motor (efferent) response
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Interneurons
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Receptors in andaround a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of thejoint
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Joint receptors
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The combination andinterrelation of the actions of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems tocreate movement
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Kinetic chain
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Composed of thegluteus medius, tensor fascia, latae, adductor complex, and quadratus lumborum,all of which participate in frontal plane and pelvofemoral stability
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Lateral sub-system (LS)
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The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produceat that resting length
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Length–tension relationship (LTR)
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Strong connective tissuethat connects bone to bone.
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Ligament
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The highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization achieved atmaximal physical exertion
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Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)
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Sensory receptorsresponsible for sensing distortion in body tissues
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Mechanoreceptors
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Motor response tointernal and external environmental stimuli
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Motor behavior
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How the centralnervous system integrates internal and external sensory information withprevious experiences to produce a motor response
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Motor control
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The change in motorskill behavior over time throughout the lifespan
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Motor development
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The integration ofmotor control processes with practice and experience that leads to relativelypermanent changes in the body’s capacity to produce skilled movements
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Motor learning
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Response to stimulithat activates movement in organs or muscles
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Motor output
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Receptors sensitiveto change in length of the muscle, and the rate of that change
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Muscle spindles
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The consecutivelinking of neurons by electrochemical signals that travel throughout the nervefiber
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Nerve impulses
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A conglomeration ofbillions of cells specifically designed to provide a communication networkwithin the human body
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Nervous system
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The ability of the neuromuscular system to enable all muscles (agonists,antagonists, synergists, and stabilizers) to work synergistically to produce,reduce, and dynamically stabilize the entire kinetic chain
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Neuromuscular efficiency—
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The functional unitof the nervous system
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Neuron
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Joints that do nothave a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage
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Nonsynovial joints
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(1) Repetitivephysical activity that moves through the same patterns of motion, placing thesame stresses on the body over time
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Pattern overload
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The neuromotorresponse of the pelvic girdle and lower extremity that serves to orient thebody region in response to head position and visual cues
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Pelvo-ocular reflex
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Subsystemof the global movement system composed of the latissimus dorsi and thecontralateral gluteus maximus, with the thoracolumbar fascia creating a fascialbridge for the cross body connection. These muscles create a nearly straightline with each other across the sacroiliac joint, and when they both contractthey produce a pulling force across the thoracolumbar fascia and stabilizationforce at the sacroiliac joint (force closure). This system works concurrentlywith the DLS during gait.
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Posterior oblique subsystem (POS)
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Position and bearingof the body for alignment and function of the kinetic chain
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Posture
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The cumulativesensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors thatsense body position and limb movements
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Proprioception
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The range throughwhich a joint may be freely moved with no resistance or pain
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Range of motion (ROM)
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The simultaneouscontraction of one muscle and the relaxation of its antagonist to allowmovement to take place
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Reciprocal inhibition
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Frequent immobility, which holds the potential for repetitive stressinjuries
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Repetitive lack of motion
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Injury due to pattern overload
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Repetitive stress injury (RSI)
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System of the bodycomposed of the lungs and respiratory passages that collect oxygen from theexternal environment and transport it to the bloodstream
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Respiratory system
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A specialized area of cardiac tissuelocated in the right atrium of the heart that initiates the electrical impulsesthat determine the heart rate; often termed the “pacemaker for the heart.”
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Sinoatrial (SA) node
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The muscles whoseprimary function is to provide joint support and stabilization; also known asthe local muscular system
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Stabilization system
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Muscles thatminimize unwanted movement while the agonist and synergists work to providemovement at the joint
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Stabilizers
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The amount of bloodpumped out of the heart with each contraction
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Stroke volume (SV)
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The structuralalignment of the muscular and skeletal systems that allows the body to maintainbalance in relation to its center of gravity
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Structural efficiency
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Less than optimal body positioning that when repeated reinforces poormotor patterns and can lead to abnormal stress and pattern overload
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Suboptimal positioning
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When synergists takeover function for a weak or inhibited prime movers
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Synergistic dominance
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Muscles that assistthe prime mover in a joint action
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Synergists
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Joints that are heldtogether by a joint capsule and ligaments; type of joint most associated withmovement in the body
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Synovial joints
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Cells that havehormone-specific receptors, ensuring that each hormone will communicate onlywith specific target cells
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Target cells
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Connective tissuethat attaches muscle to bone
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Tendon
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Term coined byBuckminster Fuller that refers to a skeletal structure in which compression andtension are used to give a structure its form, providing stability andefficiency in mass and movement
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Tensegrity
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Vessels thattransport blood from the capillaries toward the heart
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Veins
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The inferiorchambers of the heart that receive blood from their corresponding atrium and,in turn, force blood into the arteries
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Ventricles
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Ability to stretchlinearly
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Viscoelastic
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Lifestyle, repetitious movement, lack ofmovement, injury, and other medical conditions can all influence the creationof imbalances within the kinetic chain
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Contributors of Kinetic Chain Dysfunction
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Two concepts are involved when muscle imbalances lead to greater typesof kinetic chain dysfunction: altered reciprocal inhibition, and synergisticdominance. One leads to the other, and are both important concepts to considerin developing correct exercise protocols for clients.
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Scientific Concepts of Movement Dysfunction
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Essential to train as part of anyexercise regimen. The interworking system comprised of the respiratorysystem (lungs, breathing) and the cardiovascular system (heart, blood vessels,blood).
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The Cardiorespiratory System
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A system oforgans, known as glands, that secrete hormones. Hormones regulate a variety ofbodily functions that play a direct role in everything from bodily growth,tissue functions, and exercise performance, to metabolism and even mood.
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The Endocrine System
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Formedwhere one bone meets another. They are the primary points of movement withinthe body
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Joints
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To functionally move and stabilize all human bodies, there are twomajor systems of interacting muscles: the local stabilization system, and theglobal movement system. The global system is further broken down into foursubsystems that work together to transfer forces between our bodies and theground while we move
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Integrated Muscle Systems
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Muscles work together in unison with variousdiffering functions to accomplish movement. These interactions are referred toas a force-couple relationship, where some muscles produce force and shorten,others reduce force and lengthen, and a third set works to stabilize the jointall during the same movement
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Interrelationships of Muscles
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