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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vitamins
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Organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health. They regulate body processes that support growth and maintain life.
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Bioavailability
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The rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed
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Precursors
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Substances that precede others. With regard to vitamins, compounds that can be converted into active vitamins. Also known as provitamins.
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Water-soluble vitamins
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B vitamins: Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin b6, folate, vitamin b12; vitamin C
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Fat soluble vitamins
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Vitamin A, D, E, K
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Water-soluble vitamins: B vitamins and vitamin C
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Vitamins absorbed directly into the blood
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Fat soluble vitamins: vitamin A, D, E, K
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vitamins absorbed first into the lymph, and then the blood
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Fat soluble vitamins: vitamin A, D, E, K
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Vitamins which require transport proteins
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Fat soluble vitamins: vitamin A, D, E, K
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Vitamins that are stored in the cells associated with fat
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Fat soluble vitamins: vitamin A, D, E, K
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Vitamins that are less readily excreted; tend to remain in fat storage sites
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Fat soluble vitamins: vitamin A, D, E, K
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Vitamins likely to reach toxic levels when consumed from supplements
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Fat soluble vitamins: vitamin A, D, E, K
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Vitamins needed in periodic doses, perhaps weeks or even months
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Water-soluble vitamins: B vitamins and vitamin C
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Vitamins which travel freely
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Water-soluble vitamins: B vitamins and vitamin C
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Vitamins that circulate freely in water-filled parts of the body
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Water-soluble vitamins: B vitamins and vitamin C
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vitamins needed in frequent doses perhaps 1 to 3 days
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Water-soluble vitamins: B vitamins and vitamin C
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Kidneys detect and remove these excess vitamins in urine
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Water-soluble vitamins: B vitamins and vitamin C
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Possible to reach toxic levels of these vitamins when consumed from supplements
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B vitamins
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Serve as coenzymes in energy metabolism
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Thiamin
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Functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism. Food sources include pork, whole grains, and enriched grain products. Deficiencies include Beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
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Riboflavin
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Functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism. Food sources include milk, milk products, whole grains, and enriched grain products. Deficiency includes Ariboflavinosis. Light sensitive, why milk containers cardboard or opaque plastic.
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Niacin
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Precursor of tryptophan (an essential amino acid). Functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism. Food sources include foods containing high quality protein, whole grain and enriched grain products. Corn is a poor food source of this vitamin and tryptophan. Deficiency include Pellagra 4 Ds- diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death.
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Niacin flush
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A temporary burning, tingling, and itching sensation that occurs when a person takes a large dose of nicotinic acid. Often accompanied by a headache and red in the face, arms, and chest.
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Physiological effect
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When a normal dose of a nutrient (levels commonly found in foods) provides a normal blood concentration, the nutrient is having this effect
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Pharmacological effect
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When a large dose (levels commonly available only from supplements) overwhelms the body and raises blood concentrations to abnormally high levels, the nutrient is acting like a drug and having this effect
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Biotin
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Functions as a coenzyme, also participates in gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis, and the breakdown of certain fatty acids and amino acids. Food sources are widespread including egg yolks, liver, soy beans, fish, whole grains. It is also produced by the GI tract. Avidin in raw egg white can bind with this vitamin in egg yolk.
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Pantothenic acid
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Functions as part of coenzyme A from acetyl CoA in energy metabolism. Food sources are widespread including chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, whole grains.
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Vitamin B6
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Aka Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine. Functions as a coenzyme and helps make red blood cells. Food sources include all foods except milk. Deficiency includes microcytic anemia, depression. Antagonist include alcohol and tuberculosis medication. Toxicity produces severe and irreversible nerve damage.
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Folate
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Aka Floic acid, folacin, pteroylglutamate (PGA). Functions as coenzyme in new cell formation. Needs much higher in pregnancy, GI tract cells renew every 3 days! Food sources include leafy green veggies foliage, legumes. Deficiency macrocytic anemia. FDA has fortified grains with this vitamin to prevent Neural tube defects/heart disease.
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400 ųg/day
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RDA for folate
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Vitamin B-12
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Functions as a coenzyme and maintains nerve cells. Deficiency includes pernicious anemia, macrocytic anemia, same as in folate. Food sources include meat, eggs, and dairy. Susceptible to microwave. Vegans need to obtain this vitamin through supplements.
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Atrophic gastritis
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Chronic inflammation of the stomach accompanied by a diminished size and functioning of the mucous membrane and glands. This condition is also characterized by inadequate hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, two substances needed for b12 absorption.
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Hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
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Two substances needed for b12 absorption
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B-12 deficiency
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Reflects inadequate absorption, not for intake. Typically occurs for one of two reasons. A lack of hydrochloric acid or a lack of intrinsic factor. Is common among the elderly. Many older adults develop atrophic gastritis which damages the cells of the stomach.
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Vitamin C
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Aka ascorbic acid. Functions has collagen synthesis, antioxidant, and increases iron absorption. Food sources include citrus fruits, other fruits and veggies, potatoes contribute significantly to the US diet. Deficiency include scurvy. RTA is higher for smokers. Toxicity symptoms include diarrhea, interference with medical tests.
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Bleeding gums
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Early sign of scurvy. Vitamin C deficiency symptoms
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75mg/day for women; 90mg/day for men
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RDA for vitamin C in men and women
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2000mg/day
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UL for vitamin C
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Cofactor
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A small, inorganic or organic substance that facilitates the action of an enzyme
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Antioxidant
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In the body, substances that sufficiently decrease the adverse effects of free radicals on normal physiological functions.
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Free radical
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An unstable molecule with one or more unpaired electrons
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Oxidative stress
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A condition in which the production of oxidants and free radicals exceeds the body's ability to handle them and prevent damage
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Collagen
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The structural protein from which connective tissues such as scars, tendons, ligaments and the foundations of bones and teeth are made
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Histamine
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Substance produced by cells of the immune system as part of a local reaction to an antigen
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