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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Metabolism
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The entire network of chemical processes involved in maintaining life and encompasses all of the sequences of chemical reactions that occur in the body.
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Energy metabolism
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All of the chemical reactions by which the body obtains and spends the energy from food
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Glucose
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Carbohydrates are broken down into these during digestion
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Glycerol and fatty acids
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Lipids are broken down into these during digestion
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Amino acids
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Protein are broken down into these during digestion
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Amino acids
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Used primarily as building blocks in the human body, these can be used for energy when needed or to make fat or glucose
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Anabolic reactions
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Building reactions
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Catabolic reactions
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Breakdown reactions
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Photosynthesis
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The process by which green plants use the sun's energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water
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Fuel
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Compounds that cells can use for energy. The major include glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. Others include ketone bodies, lactate, glycerol, and alcohol
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Anabolism
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The building up of body compounds . Require energy. Represented with up arrows in chemical diagrams.
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Catabolism
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The breaking down of body compounds. Energy is released. Represented by down arrows in chemical diagrams
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Adenosine Triphosphate ATP
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A common high-energy compound composed of purine (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups.
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Mitochondria
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Powerhouse of the cell where the energy we receive from food is exchanged for ATP which can be directly used by the cell.
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Coupled reactions
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Pairs of chemical reactions in which some of the energy released from the breakdown of one compound is used to create a bond in the formation of another compound.
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Enzymes
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Proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process, protein catalysts
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Coenzymes
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Complex organic molecules that work with enzymes to facilitate the enzymes activity. Many have B vitamins as part of their structures.
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6
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Number of carbons in glucose
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3
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Number of carbons in glycerol
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Usually an even number, 16 or 18
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Number of carbons in a fatty acid
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2, 3, or more with a nitrogen attached
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Number of carbons in an amino acid
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3
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Number of carbons in pyruvate
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2
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Number of carbons in Acetyl CoA
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45 to 65 percent
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Percentage of kcalories from carbohydrate in a healthy diet
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10 to 35 percent
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Percentage of kcalories from protein in a healthy diet
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20 to 35 percent
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Percentage of kcalories from fat in a healthy diet
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Pyruvate
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3-carbon compounds that can be converted to glucose
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Acetyl CoA
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2-carbon compound that cannot be converted to glucose
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Glycolysis
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The metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Does not require oxygen (anaerobic).
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Mitochondria
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The cellular organelles responsible for producing ATP aerobic Lee. Made of membranes (lipid in protein) with enzymes mounted on them.
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Anaerobic
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Not requiring oxygen
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Aerobic
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Requiring oxygen
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Nitrogen
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deaminated amino acids lose this amino group
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Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle
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A series of metabolic reactions that break down molecules of acetyl CoA to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms. Also called the citric acid cycle or the Kreb's cycle after the biochemist who elucidated its reactions.
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Electron transport chain
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The final pathway in energy metabolism that transports electrons from hydrogen to oxygen and captures the energy released in the bonds of ATP. Also called the respiratory chain.
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40
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Percentage of the chemical energy (food) is captured as ATP
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60
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Percentage chemical energy that escapes as heat
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9
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kcal/g provided by fat
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4
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kcal/g provided by carbohydrate
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4
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kcal/g provided by protein
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7
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kcal/g provided by alcohol
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Gluconeogenesis
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The making of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources. The liver is the major site of this process.
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Ketone bodies
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Compounds produced during the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose is not available in the cells
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keto acid
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An organic acid that contains a carbonyl group
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1/2
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1g protein can make this many g glucose
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About half
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Amount of total glucose each day at the brain and nerve cells consume
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90
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Percent I've needed glucose that protein provides in the first few days of a fast
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