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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tosylate |
Alcohol with a large thing replacing the H |
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Sn2 |
Substitution nucleophilic biomolecular: 2 molecules are involved in the rate determining step. |
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Sn1 |
Substitution nucleophilic unimolecular: 1 molecule involved in the rate determining step. |
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2nd order reaction |
Rate of reaction depends on concentration of both nucleophile and substrate. |
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Benzylic |
Carbon connected to a benzene ring. Good rate of reaction |
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Allylic |
Carbon connected to a double bonded carbon. Have 3 carbons and 5 hydrogens Good rate of reaction. |
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Vinyl |
A group connected to a double bonded carbon. Have 2 carbons and 3 hydrogens. Absolute 0 rate of reaction. This is due to high electron density from pi bonds. |
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Aryl |
A group connected to a benzene ring. Absolute 0 rate of reaction. This is due to high electron density from pi bonds. |
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Trends in nuclephilicity (Sn2) |
- Nuclephilicity decreases left to right ( Less EN, better nucleophile ) - Stronger bases, better nucleophiles - Nuclephilicity increases going up column - The presence of bulky groups on nucleophile will slow down rate |
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Aprotic |
Elements that don't do hydrogen bonding. Smaller size, more nuclephilic. |
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Protic |
Elements that do hydrogen bonding. The more size, the more nuclephilic. |
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Why water is a good solvent? |
- Has both positive and negative ends. Can surround both positively and negatively charged ions. |
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Factors for good leaving groups |
- More resonance = more stable/weak base - Larger size -> more reactive - EN -> better leaving group from left to right |
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How to change leaving groups |
Adding acid to deprotonate the strong base to a better leaving group. |
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Cyclization |
Leaving group is part of the same molecule as the nucleophile |
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Lactone |
A cyclic ester |
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1st order reaction |
Rate of reaction only depends on concentration of electrophile. Not nucleophile because it is not in the first step. |
