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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
__ is what causes the disease
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etiology
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liquefactive necrosis usually occurs with
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bacterial infections
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Alteration in a cell’s functional environment, either acute or chronic, produces a stress to the cell’s ability to attain or maintain ___
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homeostasis
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When a cell is unable to adapt, injury can occur. After cell injury, the body reacts by initiating the process of ___
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inflammation
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A __ injury occurs if the stress is small or short in duration, allowing the cell to recover homeostasis after removal of the stress.
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reversible
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As part of the healing process, the ___ process is responsible for the removal of the injurious agent, removal of cellular debris, & the initiation of the healing process.
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inflammatory
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The healing process occurs to allow restoration of structure & function whenever possible. return to ___
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homeostasis
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The two principal phagocytes are ___ and ___ and both are leukocytes.
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neutrophils (PMNs) and monocytes
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There are five types of leukocytes:
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neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.
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cells that circulate in the blood and act as macrophages (when the leave the blood they are called macrophages in the interstitian)
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monocytes
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reside in tissue (do not circulate in blood). Ingest materials, digest it or present it to lymphocytes
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macrophages
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T & B cells, travel through the blood and react to foreign agents in the interstition
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Lymphocytes
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inflammatory mediators: __ proteins promoting clotting
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clotting system
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inflammatory mediators: __ proteins in chain reaction that cause:
vasodilation- blood to an areas attract WBC’s directly attack and destroy microbes |
complement
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inflammatory mediators: __ interacting proteins that cause:
Vasodilation- blood to the area (bring in things needed and take away bad stuff) Increased endothelial permeability (increase permeability) |
kinin system
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These cells promote ___
Histamine Cytokines Leukotrienes Prostaglandins Bradykinin Complement they arise from __ and __ at site of injury. focused on __ intervention |
inflamation
mast cells and platelets pharmacologic |
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__ occurs, but it doesn’t mean there is and infection. But with an infection there is always __
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inflammation x's 2
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cell injury:
Abnormal case-destroys __ and things from the outside will leak into the cell and out, develop the __ system causes substance _ which causes pain to the area |
fatty acid tails
Kinin P |
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__ destroys fatty acid tails
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Lipid-peroxidation
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in the __ system Antibody creates its own pathway (channel) so everything want to rush into, cell will swell, possibly burst
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complement
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__ activation:
Damages membrane by breaking apart phospholipids. 2 examples: __ __ also causes too much ___ |
phospholipase
1. B-toxins contain phospholipases. 2. Too much Ca++ in the cell fluid to rush into the cell |
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___ The deposit of Ca salts in an area of damaged tissue.
Classic examples: TB & atherosclerosis Can occur in soft tissue—calcific tendonOSISwomen > men b/n 30-60 y/o. Shoulder is the primary site. (Ca actually lays down into the shoulder joint) ultrasound canbreak up calcification |
dystrophic calcification
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__ (__) This type occurs w/hypercalcemia in tissues. (too much Ca)
Ca is facilitated by parathyroid hormone & vit D. Hyperparathyroidism—results in increase accumulation of Ca in the pulmonary alveoli, renal tubules, thyroid glands, gastric mucosa, & arterial walls. Ex-renal stones. |
Metastatic calcification (spreading)
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to achieve complete restoration of function __ must occur
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regeneration
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When ___ is NOT possible, the body settles for nonfunctional, connective tissue repair (fibrosis or scar tissue). Now that tissue doesn’t move as well
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regeneration
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nonfunctional, connective tissue helps maintain __ but has none of the functional properties of the original cells & tissues
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structural integrity
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mechanisms of cell injury: __ Insufficient blood flow results in a critical reduction in oxygen delivery to the tissue that is partial (hypoxia) or total (anoxia-brain injury), a decreased delivery of nutrients, and decreased removal of waste products from the tissue. This leads to loss of aerobic metabolism.
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ischemia
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mechanisms of cell injury: ___ is usually the result of arterial lumen obstruction (DVT) & narrowing caused by atherosclerosis and/or a intravascular clot called a __ (not moving). When a __ moves it becomes an __ (moving).
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ischemia
THROMBUS x's 2 EMBOLUS |
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mechanisms of cell injury: infections agents, too many lead to __
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sepsis
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mechanisms of cell injury:
Bacteria, viruses, mycoplasms, fungi, rickettsiae, protozoa, prions, & helminths are __ |
infectious agents
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Mechanisms of cell injury: When microorganisms or their toxins are present in the blood, a condition called __ can occur. In __, endothelial cell damage, loss of plasma volume & maldistribution of blood flow results in __ (not enough blood in the blood vessels). CV collapse may lead to __.
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SEPSIS x's 2
hypovolemia SEPTIC SHOCK |
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Mechanisms of cell injury: When the immune system becomes overreactive, the result is hypersensitivities ranging from allergies to life threatening anaphylactic reactions or __ disorders (self attacks self).
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autoimmune
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Mechanisms of cell injury: ___ will cause cell injury through different methods such as: antibody attachment, complement activation, and activation of the inflammatory cells (neutrophils, macrophages, T&B lymphocytes, mast cells & basophils)
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immune system
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Mechanisms of cell injury: genetic factors lead to cellular injury by 3 primary means:
1. alterations in the structure or number of __ that induce multiple abnormalities (Downs syndrome) 2. ___ that cause changes in the amount of functions of proteins (sickle cell anemia) 3. ___ that interact with environmental factors to cause multifactorial disorders (HTN & DM) |
chromosomes
single mutations of genes multiple gene mutations |
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Mechanisms of cell injury: Imbalances in essential __ can lead to cell injury or cell death. ex Kwashiorkor and marasmus
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nutrients
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physical factors of injury:
__ __ __ __ |
Motor Vehical Acidents
Temperature Radiation Electricity |
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Physical stress theory proposes that changes in the relative level of physical stress cause a predictable __ in all biologic tissue
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adaptive response
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Mechanical factors: Typical tissue response to __ stress includes decreased stress tolerance (atrophy), maintenance, increased stress tolerance (hypertrophy), injury or death.
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physical
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Chemical factors: Toxic substances cause chemical injury. Two categories:
Those that can injure cells __ (heavy metals like Mercury) Those that require __ into the toxic agent (Carbon tetrachloride & acetaminophen) |
directly
metabolic transformation |
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__ an important part of metabolism and formed continuously in the body.
They exert __ effects (immune system) __ effects (lipid, protein, pr DNA oxidation) |
free radicals
positive negative |
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The presence of __ is an adaptive response to help the body ward off the potentially harmful effects of oxygen and its derivatives, including free radicals.
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antioxidants
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__ a variety of enzymatic & nonenzymatic defense mechanisms are present in cells and act as antioxidants (we make them)
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endogenous antioxidants
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__ taken through our diet. Vitamin C, E, and beta carotene are the 3 most important. There are over 200. (take them in) attack free radicals
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exogenous antioxidants
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complement activation occurs with which type of cell injury
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immune
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TB and atherosclerosis are examples of what type of calcification
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dystrophic calcification
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