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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
__ is an Organized response to various stressors to include hemodynamic responses, cellular responses, removal of damaged or dead tissue, & preparation for repair & regeneration.
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inflammation
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the Ultimate goal of __ is to replace injured tissue w/regenerated tissue, a fibrous scar or both.
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inflammation
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Inflammation __ is the same no matter what the cause is!
__ varies with the specific cause. __ varies with specific cause & duration of exposure to the harmful substance (could think about a sunburn. Longer exposure causes more damage) |
process
Timing Severity |
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__- the area where the blood is flowing through the blood vessel. Fluid from the blood needs an opening to leak out and travel into the __. With inflammation we open up the wall and allow the cells in the blood to flow into the __. process known as__
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lumen
interstition x's 2 edema |
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steps of inflammation:
1. __ 2. initial __ (couple of seconds) 3. release of __(cells in the lumen detect problem) 4. __ —increased blood flow (hyperemia)- the area turns red 5. increased __ 6. __ or __ move to site of injury by chemotaxis (sending the message). __- the cells leaving the blood vessel going to the intersition (opening of the epithelial cells) 7. __ —removal of debris in preparation for healing |
injury
vasoconstriction chemical mediators vasodilation capillary permeability WBC’s or leukocytes Diapedesis phagocytosis |
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__ and __ - eat up the invader and then die (puss)
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PMN and macrophages
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arteries vs. veins
__ larger cross sectional area __ thiker walls |
vein
arteries |
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role of __:
Give rigidity to the vessels. Allow contraction or relaxation of smaller vessels. Shunt blood (send blood to an area) vasoconstriction or vasodilation. |
smooth muscles
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role of __:
Keeps blood moving Stops a clot from forming by: -Barrier to collagen -Metabolize ADP |
endothelial cell
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__ cells Don’t allow anything out unless they open up.
They line the inside of the blood vessel |
endothelial cell
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behind endothelial cells there is __
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collagen
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if endothelial cells become sticky due to bad eating habits could lead to __ formation
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clot
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__- attract the good guys to the invaders
__ - either vaso dialtion or construction |
Chemotactic factors
Vasoactive mediators |
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4 cardinal signs/ symptoms of inflammation:
_ _ _ _ may also see _ _ |
1. Calor- heat
2. Rubor- red 3. Dolor- pain 4. Edema- swelling Functio laeso Pus formation—neutrophils that die after engulfing dead tissue |
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__ —redness caused by increased blood flow
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Rubor
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__ —heat caused by increased blood flow
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Calor
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__ —caused by shift of proteins & fluid into the interstitial space (fluid and proteins)
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Edema
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__ —pain resulting from pressure of fluid
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Dolor
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__ —swelling causing restricted joint motion (loss of function) the body doesn’t want to have joint motion until it heals
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Functio laeso
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Consequences of inflammation:
1. Dilution of __ Why? Brings blood into the area (bring good things in and bad things out) 2. __ limits further damage by decreasing function Example: SCI or Diabetic 3. Removal of __ and __ Why? STOP destruction caused by foreign invader 4. Sets up for __ or __of tissue 5. May lead to damage of only __ cells |
microorganisms
Pain necrotic tissue & microorganisms repair or regeneration injured |
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vasoactive mediators:
__ —released from mast cells & basophils, causes vasodilation & bronchoconstriction (hard to breath) |
Histamine
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vasoactive mediators:
__ –released from platelets. Increases Vasodilation |
Serontonin
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vasoactive mediators:
__ –increases vasodilation & increase perception of pain in that area |
Bradykinins
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vasoactive mediators:
__ —come from cell membranes being damaged. Arterioles open up & increase vascular permeability |
Prostaglandins/Leukotrienes
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vasoactive mediators:
__- platelets increase in size and become more sticky, much more likely to clump together and form clots |
Platelet activating factor
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chemotactic factors:
Example: C5a—__—engulf debris |
complement proteins
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Cell or cell types found in acute inflammation
1. __( ) –engulf as much tissue as it can then dies there. leave puss 2. __ —pieces of cells, rush to the area to plug up damaged capillary to limit loss of blood 3.__- in blood vessel and macrophages in the interstition, |
polymorphonuclear cells (PMN's)
Platelets Monocyte/macrophage |
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types of inflammatory mediators:
-__ -__ —both B & T cells depending on cause of chronic inflammation (body trying to limit damage and figure out what is causing the inflammation) -__ —makes antibodies by B cells -__ —these guys lay down collagen for repair. -__- lining the lumen also found in the interstition |
Monocyte/macrophages
Lymphocytes Plasma cells Fibrocytes/fibroblasts Endothelial cells |
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Hemodynamic Changes, alterations in blood flow:
1. __ (stop cock) __ –short lived-seconds to minutes. Controlled by sympathetic discharge __ —hyperemia. Overriding effect is arterioles open wide. Bring in good guys |
Arteriole
Vasoconstriction Vasodilation |
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Hemodynamic Changes, alterations in blood flow:
2. Increased __ -Endothelial cells contract opening junctions between the cells known as__ (btw endothelial cells) -Plasma proteins leak out thus resulting in a reduced __pressure, increased __pressure. Bc more fluid out there is (inflimation) -This increases the __(bring in and blood does not more as fast) & __ of RBC’s & WBC’s |
vascular permeability
tight junctions capillary osmotic interstitial osmotic stasis congestion |
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endothelial separation leads to..
1. __ —pure water coming across endothelial cells. Example is sunburn, blisters 2. __ —plasma proteins and water leaking out Ex: ascites (water follows plasma proteins) 3. __—RBC’s, plasma proteins & water present in interstitium Ex: Bandage after a surgery |
Transudate
Exudate Serosanginous exudate |
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Vasoactive substances:
__ —Hageman clotting factor 12 & complement usually float around in blood in an inactive form. __ —Mast cells, basophils, platelets, PMN’s, monocytes/macrophages |
Plasma derived
Cell derived |
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Other mediators of inflammation:
-__ —any time Hageman Factor gets exposed to a basement membrane, specifically collagen (bc endothelial cells have opened up) - __ -__ phospholopid bilayer gets broken down -__ |
Hageman factor XII
Complement Arachidonic Acid Mast cells |
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Destruction of the fatty tails leads to the formation of __. which is the precursor to prostaglandins & leukotrienes.
asprin works on this ptw to limit pain bc of inflammation |
arachidonic acid
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__ are slow acting substances of anaphylaxis.
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Leukotrienes
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are found in the blood and once they leave the blood and go into the tissue, they are called Mast cells.
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basophils
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__release causes vasodilation, endothelial contraction, BRONCHOconstriction & Mucus SECRETION.
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mast cell
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__ process begins soon after tissue injury & occurs either by R&R (regeneration—regrowth OR by repair—scar formation).
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tissue healing
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__ cells are recruited by chemotaxis & begin the healing process by breaking down & removing the necrotic tissue.
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Inflammatory
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This occurs primarily by __ that secrete degradative enzymes & also eat the cellular debris, conn tissue fragments & plasma proteins in the dead tissue
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phagocytes
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__ is complex & influenced by components such as fibronectin, proteoglycans & elastin, collagen, & parenchymal (tissue) & endothelial cells.
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healing
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Plasma proteins that leak from inflammed vessels are the 1st source of __ very early in the process of injury.
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fibronectin
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__ provides the formation of scaffolding, tensile strength & the ability to glue cells together. It stabilizes fibrin, a protein that makes up blood clots.
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fibronectin
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__ binds several proteins together such as DNA derived from necrotic cells, thereby acting as an __ (marks the foreign invader for future attacks) (molecule that acts as a binding enhancer to facilitate phagocytosis) during the breakdown of necrotic tissue.
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fibronectin
OPSONIN |
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fibronectin attracts __ and __by chemotaxis to healing tissue.
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Fibroblasts & macrophages
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fibronectin attracts __ in turn, secrete more fibronectin. Fibronectin binds to proteoglycans & collagens & this binding further stabilizes the healing tissue. allows for repair to start
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fibroblasts
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__are secreted in abundance by fibroblasts early during the tissue repair rxn.
they bind to fibronectin & collagen to help stabilize tissue undergoing repair. |
Proteoglycans
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Once the tissue is healed, __ contribute to the organization & stability of collagen & create an electrical charge that gives basement membranes the property of functioning like molecular sieves.
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proteoglycans
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Fibroblasts also synthesize & secrete __, a protein that becomes cross-linked to form fibrils or long sheets that provide tissues with elasticity.
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elastin
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role of connective tissue:
_ _ _ _ |
Support
Protection Nourishment Innervation |
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__ The MOST abundant protein in the body.
Provides structural support & tensile strength for almost all tissues & organs of the body. It is a fibrous protein molecule consisting of 3 chains of a. Acid coiled in a 3D-helix |
collagen
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Each collagen type (27) has a specialized __. The a. acid makeup of each molecule and the way it is assembled vary for each type & this determines the __ properties of each type. For example, unidirectional collagen or parallel bundles contributes to the strength of tendons.
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function
structural |
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__= glue producer
and is the principal extracellular component of normal tendon. |
collagen
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most common form of collagen— very strong form and can be found in all body tissues. It is the main component of mature scars & abundant in strong tissues such as tendons & bones
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type 1
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predominant type of collagenfound in cartilaginous tissue. In the annulus of the disc, it has a ½ life of 3 months; allowing for maintenance of nutritive exchanges possibly delaying further degeneration
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type 2
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__ collagen accounts for plasticity of skin & blood vessels. Elastic; strong but supple. It contains interchain disulfide bonds not found in type I & II. It is the 1st type deposited in wound healing. More prevalent in newborns.
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type 3
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in wound healing Initially, type __ collagen is laid down in a wound providing support for angiogenesis. As time passes, type__ is degraded by enzymes secreted by fibroblasts & is replaced by type _ collagen.
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3 3 1
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Type _ collagen enhances wound tensile strength & is the main component of the scar tissue that remains after repair is completed.
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1
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Inflammation __ days
Proliferation __ days Maturation __ days __ inflammation the inflammation phase keeps going (B and T cells will be present) |
7-10
10-30 30-100 chronic |
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__ in the genes for collagen Cause a multitude of diseases of bone, cartilage & blood vessels including osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers Danlos syndrome, some forms of osteoporosis, OA & familial aneurysms. (abdominal aortic aneurysm)
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mutations
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__ scavengers inhibit the rate of collagen formation
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free radical
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Differences in collagen fiber __ have been demonstrated in unidirectional GH instability vs. Multidirectional instability. Smaller collagen __ in the multidirectional instability patients suggest an underlying collagen abnormality.
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Diameter x's 2
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