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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How are sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions divided?
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Based on anatomic distribution and origin of nerves, effects on organs, NT released by postganglionic fibers, discharge pattern
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What are alpha and beta receptors for?
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Norepinephrine and Epinephrine
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What are muscarinic and nicotinic receptors for?
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Ach
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What kind of receptors are on ALL postganglionic neurons?
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Nicotinic (b/c Ach released from preganglionic fibers)
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What kind of receptors are on parasympathetic target organs?
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Muscarinic receptors (because Ach released from postganglionic fibers)
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What kind of receptors are on sympathetic target organs?
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alpha and beta receptors (because NE and Epi released from postganglionic fibers)
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What percentage NE and Epi released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers?
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90% NE, 10% Epi
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Preganglia of sympathetic NS/length of preganglionic fiber
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T1-T12; L1-L2; short
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Preganglia of parasympathetic NS/length of preganglionic fiber
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Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10; S1-S2; long
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NT from preganglionic fibers of sympathetic AND parasympathetic NS
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Ach
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Postganglionic fibers of sympathetic NS length and NT released
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long, NE (90%), Epi (10%)
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Postganglionic fibers of parasympathetic NS length and NT released
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short, Ach
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ANS effects on ciliary muscle of eye
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SNS - B2 relaxes
PNS - contracts |
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ANS effects on Heart, SA, AV nodes, atria and ventricles
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SNS - B1 increase
PNS - decreases |
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ANS effects on arterioles
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SNS - A1, 2 constrict; B2 dilates
PNS - ? |
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ANS effects on veins
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SNS - A1 constricts, B2 dilates
PNS - ? |
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ANS effects on GFR
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SNS - decrease
PNS - increase |
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ANS effects on lung/bronchiole muscles
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SNS - B2 relax
PNS - contracts |
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Which is greater effected by ANS, arterioles or veins?
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Arterioles
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How do discharge patterns of SNS and PNS differ?
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SNS - massive mechanisms to prepare you for action
PNS - more discrete |
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Adrenal Medulla
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modified sympathetic post-ganglionic fiber (chromaffin cells produce NE and Epi)
derived from the same neuronal crest cell line as the sympathetic nervous system |
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What percentages of NE and Epi does the adrenal medulla secrete?
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10% NE, 90% Epi (switched at birth!)
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What is Epi useful for?
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The longterm coping with stress
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Epi is more dominant with ____
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age
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What do neuromodulators of pain do?
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alter the environment so it becomes easier to excite/inhibit
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Clinical approach to pain can be defined according to the Seattle model (4 things)
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nociception
pain suffering pain behavior |
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Nociception
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2 types of pain fibers with freely branching nerve endings are activated
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Larger A delta fibers
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6-8 micrometers in length, thinly myelinated
conduct impulses relatively fast (12-30 M/sec) specialized to provide info such as: mechanical distortion, touch, temperature, chemicals indicates intensity and location some are polymodal (respond to stimuli at high threshold with tissue damage) |
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Smaller C fibers
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unmyelinated, 0.3 to 1 micrometer in diameter
conducts impulses slowly at 0.4-1.0 M/sec mostly polymodal, activated with tissue damage cutaneous area of each nociception neuron overlaps with other neurons provides a sophisticated peripheral alarm system |
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In general, A delta nerve fibers respond to...
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quick, intense pain
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In general, C delta nerve fibers respond to...
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chronic, throbbing pain
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Where does most sensory input go?
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Thalamus
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What is dorsal horn composed of?
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6 specialized layers with different nerve input
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What is layer 2 of dorsal horn?
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substantia gelatinosa, destination for both A delta and C fibers
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What are the two ascending pain fibers to the brain?
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Paleospinothalmic and neospinothalmic tracts
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What is the NT released by A delta fiber?
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Glutamate (NDMA receptor)
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What is the NT released by C fiber?
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Glutamate (NMDA and AMPA receptors) as well as substance P
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PAG (periaqueductal gray) area from brain
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extends descending fibers into dorsal horn synapsing with interneurons that synapse with axonal terminals of the C-fibers
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What do interneurons secrete and what does it do?
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enkephalin (leu or met-enkephalins) that bind to mu receptor on C-fiber synaptic knob
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What do enkephalins function as and what do they do?
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Neuromodulators that:
induce local depolarization inhibit calcium influx into synaptic knob of C fibers also modulate the synaptic terminals of C fiber which limits glutamate and substance P production |
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What are endogenous opioids of the body?
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Enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins
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What mimics the effect of opioids?
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Opiates
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What do opiates affect?
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Mu receptor in the brian
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What are 4 examples of opiates?
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Morphine, codeine, fentanyl, heroin
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How does heroin (diacetylmorphine HCl) differ from morphine?
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Has increased hydrophobicity - crosses the BBB more quickly than morphine and produces more rapid and intense euphoria
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What does tolerance result from and what are the implications?
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Down regulation of mu receptors - receptors move away from the surface so there are less receptors on the surface, larger doses required to find and bind to limited number of receptors
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Why do some people develop dependency while others do not?
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Reasons are not well understood
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Dependence may induce increase in what?
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CAMP
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Narcotic Addict Treatment Act
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1974 - strictly controlled methadone therapy to federally specified centers
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Drug Abuse Treatment Act
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2000 - addicts can be managed on out-patient basis by private physicians who must be properly trained
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Withdrawal - medication options
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Clonidine (alpha 2 agonist), dimishes NE actions during withdrawll
NSAIDS antiemetics antacids |
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Dependence - medication options
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Buprenorphine (subutex), a partial opioid agonist in combination with naxolone (narcan)
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