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643 Cards in this Set
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Paleolithic Peoples
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(Early Stone Age Peoples) Peoples from the Paleolithic era. Used most primitive of tools; hunters and gatherers; joined bands or tribes that moved around
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Neolithic Peoples
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(Late Stone Age Peoples) Peoples from the Neolithic era. Use of primitive tools; Practiced agriculture, hunting, gathering, fishing and domestication of animals. Part of chiefdoms and tribes.
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Mayan
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Mesoamerican Civilization thriving during the Classic Period (250-900AD). Noted for fully developed written language, art, architecture and math. Decline upon arrival of Spanish Conquistadors.
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Aztec
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Certain ethnic groups of central Mexico during the late Post-Classic Period. Dominated large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14, 15 and 16th centuries. Tenochtitlan famous city and center of growth for Aztec empire at the time.
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Inca
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Incan Empire became largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. Began as a tribe in the Cuzco area and controlled much of the land in the Andes.
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Pueblo
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Apartment-like structures made from stone, adobe mud, and other local material inhabited by communities of Native Americans.
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Crusades
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1095-1291AD Holy Wars between the Christians/Holy Roman Empire and Muslims.
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Middle Ages
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(Medieval) A period in European history that lasted from the 5th to the 15th century and included but not limited to the Crusades, Renaissance, and Hundred Years War. This period followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476AD) A period of Christendom.
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Renaissance
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"Rebirth" - A cultural movement that spanned from the 14th to 17th century beginning in Florence, Italy. Learning styles based on/reverted back to classical influences; Educational reform; Artistic developments (Leonardi Di Vinci; Michaelanglo)
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Islam
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Religion articulated by the Quran. Muslim people practice Islam which is based on one God, Allah and the teachings of Muhammad; 5 Pillars of Islam- religious practices (creed, prayer, fasting, charity and pilgrimage to Mecca).
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Vasco De Gamma
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Portuguese Explorer who sailed the route from Europe to India passing the southern tip of Africa in 1497. Opened direct sea route to Asia!
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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King and Queen of Spain (The Catholic King and Queen). Married to unite Spain. Authorized expedition of Christopher Columbus. *Children: Catherine of Aragon
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Christopher Columbus
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"Founded" the Americas. (Bahamas) Opened up awareness of American continents to the Europeans. Resulted in the Age of Discovery. From Genoa, Italy; Authorized by Spain to go on expeditions. 1492 voyage prompted western imperialism and economic competition between nations.
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John Cabot
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First man to claim lands in the New World for the English. All other claims were by the Spanish since Columbus' first voyage. Authorized by King Henry VIII. Sailed from Newfoundland and New England down to Delaware Bay.
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Jacques Cartier
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1534AD
Claimed Canada for France. |
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Sir Francis Drake
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1579AD
Englishman to explore the Pacific Coast of San Francisco Bay and claim it for England. |
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wood
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Dřevo
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Mercantilism
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Economic idea based on the theory that gold is wealth. A mother country attempted to control trade with colonies so that it achieved greater wealth than the colonies(ie: England/American colonies).
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Boston
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Capital and largest city in Massachusetts. Puritans founded the city in 1630. Became major shipping port and manufacturing site beginning in colonial America. Americas first PUBLIC SCHOOL and Harvard was founded in 1636 in Boston.
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"Power of the Purse"
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The legislative body chosen/representing the people of the colony has control of the governments budget (ie: Budget and taxation)
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Peter Zenger
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1735AD
German-American journalist/publisher for the New York Weekly Journal a.k.a. The Weekly Gazette charged of seditious libel (attempting to undermine or overthrow a government). Resulted in First Amendment, Freedom of Press. |
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Ye Olde Deluder Satan Act
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1642AD
Requiring each town provide schooling for its youth (Massachusetts). The legislative body of this colony passed this act. |
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Proclamation Line
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1763AD
The proclamation created a boundary line between the British colonies on the Atlantic coast and American Indian lands (called the Indian Reserve) west of the Appalachian Mountains. Outlawed private purchase of Native American land. Purpose was to organize Great Britain's new North American empire and to stabilize relations with Native North Americans through regulation of trade, settlement, and land purchases on the western frontier. |
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Sugar Act
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1733-1764AD
Also known as the American Revenue Act or the American Duties Act and the earlier Molasses Act. A revenue-raising act passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on sugar or molasses (used to make rum). Used to raise money for British in paying off debts and remain wealthier than colonies. |
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Currency Act
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Several acts of the Parliament of Great Britain that regulated paper money issued to the colonies. 1731 and 1764 The acts sought to protect British merchants and creditors from being paid in depreciated colonial currency (inflated paper printed money). Could only use for public debts but not private ones.
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Nonimportation Agreements
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Colonists agreement to not use certain goods imported from England
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Quartering Act
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Were used by the British forces in the American colonies to ensure that British soldiers had adequate housing and provisions. Great Britain would house its soldiers in American barracks and public houses, as by the Mutiny Act of 1765. Colonial authorities were required to pay the cost of housing and feeding these troops. it seemed to violate the Bill of Rights 1689.
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Stamp Act
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1765AD
Required that every paper document carry a stamp on it. |
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Sons of Liberty
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Secret organization or political group originating in the Northern colonies of America. The group was designed to incite change in the British government's treatment of the Colonies in the years following the end of the French and Indian War.
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Declaratory Act
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Claimed Parliament has the authority to pass laws for the colonies "in all cases whatever". This was done in spite of effect of the stamp act and colonists reactions.
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Townsend Acts
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1767AD
External taxes placed on the colonies such as import duties on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea. Charles Townsend denied the argument that Parliament could impose internal taxes on the colonies so offered external taxes to be placed on the colonies. |
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East India Company
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Was an early English joint-stock company that was formed initially for pursuing trade with the East Indies. British efforts to save the company from Bankruptcy in 1773 prompted the Boston Tea Party.
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Coercive or Intolerable Acts
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A series of five laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774. Four of the acts were issued in direct response to the Boston Tea Party. The Boston Port Act, The Massachusetts Government Act, The Administration of Justice Act, The Quebec Act , The Quartering Act.
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Continental Congress
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A convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that became the governing body of the United States during the American Revolution. The Congress met from 1774 to 1789.
First Cont. Cong. wanted to make amends with Britain. Convened in response to Intolerable Acts. Second Cont. Cong. movement towards ideas of independence. Second Continental Congress: Olive Branch Petition Declaration of the Causes... Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation |
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Olive Branch Petition
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An attempt to avoid a full-blown war with Great Britain the document outlined that the colonies did not want independence but that they merely wanted to negotiate trade and tax regulations with Great Britain. Suggested the King draw up a final plan or agreement to settle trade disputes. Suggested that either the colonists be given free trade and taxes equal to those levied on the people in Great Britain, or no taxes and strict trade regulations.. The petition affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated the king to prevent further conflict. The petition was rejected, and in August 1775 the colonies were formally declared in rebellion.
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Battle of Lexington and Concord
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Were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. The battles marked the outbreak of open armed conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen colonies.
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Battle of Bunker Hill
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1775AD
Mostly on and around Breed's Hill, during the Siege of Boston early in the American Revolutionary War. British victory though they suffered so many causalities and injury (more than that of the colonials) |
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Battle of Saratoga
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1777AD
Saratoga, NY where Washington and his continental army defeated General Burgoyne was a turning point in the war. French signed Treaty of Alliance in light of America's Independence and joined war following year. |
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Battle of Yorktown
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General Lord Cornwallis surrenders to Washington's forces (French, General Lafayettes men in south and continental army) at Yorktown, VA on October 19, 1781 bringing the war to an end. Some attacks there led by Alexander Hamilton.
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George Washington
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Led America's Continental Army to victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), and later became the first President of the United States, from 1789 to 1797. Gained command experience during the French and Indian War (1754–1763).
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Lord Cornwallis
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In the United States and United Kingdom he is best remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence. His 1781 surrender to a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities in North America.
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General Lafayette
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Lafayette was a general in the American Revolutionary War and a leader of the Garde Nationale during the French Revolution. In the American Revolution, Lafayette served in the Continental Army under George Washington and blocked Cornwallis' troops at Yorktown.
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Founding Fathers
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the political leaders who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 or otherwise took part in the American Revolution in winning American independence from Great Britain, or who participated in framing and adopting the United States Constitution in 1787-1788. Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton.
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Daniel Shays
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An American soldier, revolutionary, and farmer famous for leading an armed uprising in Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787. Seeking debt relief through the issuance of paper currency and lower taxes, they attempted to prevent the courts from seizing property from indebted farmers.
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Alexander Hamilton
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Was the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, and wrote most of the Federalist Papers, a primary source for Constitutional interpretation. Hamilton was the primary author of many of the policies supported by the Federalist Party.
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Northwest Ordinance
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Was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States. the creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes. It established the precedent by which the United States would expand westward across North America by the admission of new states, rather than by the expansion of existing states.
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Critical Period
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Coined by John Quincy Adams, refers to the 1780’s, a time right after the American Revolution where the future of the newly formed nation was in the balance. The newly independent former colonies were beset with a wide array of foreign and domestic problems.
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Judiciary Act of 1789
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The First United States Congress established the U.S. federal judiciary. The Act set the number of Supreme Court justices at six: one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices.
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Bill of Rights
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The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. They were introduced by James Madison to the First United States Congress in 1789 as a series of articles, and came into effect on December 15, 1791, when they had been ratified by three-fourths of the States.
1. Freedom of... 2. Right to bear arms 3. Quartering troops 4. Search and Seizure; Warrants 5. Rights of accused (plead fifth) 6. Protection for accused in trial (speedy trial; attorney appointed) 7. Suits at common law 8. Punishment-not excessive or unnecessary 9. Certain rights not be construed 10. Powers reserved to states or people |
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Hamilton vs. Jefferson
Loose and strict construction of the Constitution |
Each had beliefs about how government should be interpreted.
Hamilton-Strong Central government to take care of the people and responsibilities Loose construction of the Constitution (Implied powers) Jefferson-Less control from government and strict understanding of the Constitution |
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Twelfth Amendment
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Provides the procedure by which the President and Vice President are elected. Proposed by congress and ratified in 1804.
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Aaron Burr
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Served as the third Vice President of the United States (1801–1805) under President Thomas Jefferson, and was the first Vice President to never serve as President. A formative member of the Democratic-Republican Party with a political base in New York.
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British Parliament
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Governing body of the UK of Scotland and of Ireland. Bicameral System containing the House of Lords and House of Commons. The Queen is the third part of the Legislature. 650 members of parliament. House of Lords (738) are elected by the sovereign with help of Prime Min. and House of commons is elected by public.
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Federalist Papers
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Series of 85 Articles advocating (interpreting) the US Constitution. Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay. Motivated people to ratify the Constitution.
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Karl Marx
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Critiqued German Philosophers. Had ideas about social change and of capitalist economy. Argued the Material world was real (rather than think in idealist terms). Conceived that the modern working class is most progressive force for revolution.
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Progressivism
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Middle class and reformist in nature, it arose as a response to the vast changes brought by modernization, such as the growth of large corporations and railroads, and fears of corruption in American politics.
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Explicit Cost
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A direct payment made to others in the course of running a business, such as wage, rent and materials
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The Great Awakening
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Religious revitalization that took place in the Atlantic region of the world. Specifically, this affected American colonies from the 1730s-1740s. Focused people who were already church-goers to be more passionate and personal in their faith. Emotional preachers with almost theatrical sermons.
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Articles of the Confederation
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The "first" constitution. The articles outlined particular responsibilities and duties of the Congress. The articles were an explanation of how the national government would operate. The documents were ratified in 1781.
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Federalist
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Strong centralized government. For the constitution. (Northerners with more money from trade AND agriculture)
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Anti-federalist
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Weaker centralized government-strong state governments. Against the constitution. (Southerners who owned or worked farms)
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Jacksonian Democracy
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Political policy that recognized the power of the executive branch, broaden public's involvement in government, and favored geographical expansion. Jacksonians opposed government granted monopolies to banks. Laissez-faire economy.
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Oligarchy
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A government ruled by a few.
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Glorious Revolution
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A controversy that led to a power struggle between parliament and the king.
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Impressionists
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Abandoned the studio where artists traditionally worked and went out into the countryside to paint nature directly.
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19th Amendment
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Woman's right to vote. prohibits each state and the federal government from denying any citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's sex. It was ratified on August 18, 1920.
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Monroe Doctrine
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Prohibits European nations from colonizing any lands in the Western Hemisphere.
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War Powers Act
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To ensure the President would consult congress before committing troops to extended conflicts.
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Warren Court
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Supreme Court of the United States between 1953 and 1969, when Earl Warren served as Chief Justice. Did not increase state authority over federal authority.
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The Connecticut Compromise
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A document that suggested the legislative branch have a House of Reps. and a Senate
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Social Insurance Programs
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Programs that provide insurance against such social problems as old age, illness, and unemployment
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Hammurabi's Code
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Is best summarized by the following expression, "An eye for and eye"
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Paleolithic Age
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Old Stone Age, during the this period, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and hunting or scavenging wild animals. This period is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Were nomadic and lived in small groups.
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Roman Empire's use of slavery in their economy
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Led to a lack of innovation in manufacturing and agriculture.
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Hippocrates
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Contributed to the knowledge of the ancient Greeks by proposing new methods for treating diseases.
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Charlemagne
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He attempted to unitfy his lands in Western Europe after his death in 814 C.E. because regional loyalties that owtweighed allegience to his son.
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Mao Zedong
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Successfully implemented communism in China because he had the support of the Chinese peasantry.
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West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mail, Songhai between 1000 to 1500
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Rose in power and wealth because they controlled the cross-Sahara trade of salt from northern Africa for the gold of tropical Africa.
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Merchants
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This group in medieval Europe helped loosen fuedal ties.
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Neolithic Period
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In the Middle East, the sedentary agriculture was based on barley, wheat, and pigs. New Stone Age (following the mesolithic)
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Sedentary Agriculture
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Farming system in which the farmer remains settled in one place
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Shifting cultivation
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Farming system where farmers move on from one place to another when the land becomes exhausted. The most common form is slash-and-burn agriculture: land is cleared by burning, so that crops can be grown. Slash-and-burn is practised in many tropical forest areas, such as the Amazon region, where yams, cassava, and sweet potatoes can be grown
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Nomadic pastoralism
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Farming system where animals (cattle, goats, camels) are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures.
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Suez Crisis, 1956
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Also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, was a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956. A consequence from this crisis was, that president Nasser of Egypt gained prestige as the leader of Arab opposition to Western Colonialism.
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Yalta Conference
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Was the February 4-11, 1945 wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. Established new boundaries for Poland.
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Sun Yat-sen
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Led a movement to create a united, democratic China free from foreign control.
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The Silk Road
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Is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe. It spread Buddhism from India to China.
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Animal husbandry
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An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.
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Mesolithic Period
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Middle part of the Stone Age beginning about 15,000 years ago
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The Neolithic Revolution
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Was the first agricultural revolution—the transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands, to agriculture and settlement. Archaeological data indicate that various forms of domestication of plants and animals arose independently in at least seven or eight separate locales worldwide, with the earliest known developments taking place in the Middle East around 10,000 BC or earlier
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Acropolis
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The religious center of Athens in Ancient Greece; meeting place; site of Parthenona. Large hill in ancient Greece where city residents sought shelter and safety in times of war and met to discuss community affairs
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Socrates
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Ancient Athenian philosopher who helped bring about Greece's Golden Age
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Plato
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Student of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society.
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The Republic
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A political order in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who are entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them
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Peloponnesian War
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A war fought between Athens and Sparta; won by Sparta because it was able to cut off Athens' grain supply.
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Alexander the Great
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King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Persia, Egypt and the Indus Valley; spred Greek culture across three continents
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Thucydides
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Greek historian. Considered the greatest historian of antiquity, he wrote a critical history of the Peloponnesian War that contains the funeral oration of Pericles
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Aristotle
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Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.
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Macedonia
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An an ancient kingdom ruled by Alexander the Great that conquered most of Greece and the Persian Empire in the 300s B.C.
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Alexandria
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City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization.
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Helladic Period
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Bronze age Greece, started around 2800 BC and lasted till 1050 BC in Crete while in the Aegean islands it started in 3000 BC. The economy of the villages depended on production of tools, weapons, agriculture and art and architecture.The need for more metals and goods lead to introduction of different colonies and barter creating set-up for trade.
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Minoan Age
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Bronze Age civilization, centring on the island of Crete. Built huge palaces, writing, artisans, traded w/Egypt, Phoenicia and Mesopotamia
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Mycenaean Age
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Lasted from about 2000 B.C.E to the conquest of the Greek peninsula by invaders in the 1100s. Were bold traders and maintained contact with other countries from the Mediterranean and Europe. They were excellent engineers and built outstanding bridges, tombs, residences and palaces. Civilization is dedicated to King Agamemnon who led the Greeks in the Trojan War.
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Sparta
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Was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which completely focused on military training and excellence.
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Oligarchy
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A form of government in which power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, military might, or religious hegemony.
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Mixed government
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Also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of government by democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy. It means there are some issues (often defined in a constitution) where the state is governed by the majority of the people, in some other issues the state is governed by few, in some other issues by a single person (also often defined in a constitution). The idea is commonly treated as an antecedent of separation of powers.
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Athenian democracy
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A type of government used in Athens which is sort of a combine of majority rule and democracy. It remains a unique and intriguing experiment in direct democracy where the people do not elect representatives to vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own right. Greek democracy created at Athens was a direct, not a representative democracy: any adult male citizen of age could take part, and it was a duty to do so.
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Pericles
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Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece. Was a prominent and influential statesman, orator, and general of Athens during the city's Golden Age—specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. Also, he led Athens in the war against Sparta.
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The Assembly
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The central events of the Athenian democracy. It had four main functions; it made executive pronouncements (decrees, such as deciding to go to war or granting citizenship to a foreigner); it elected some officials; it legislated; and it tried political crimes.
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The Golden Age
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Is the term used to denote the historical period in Classical Greece lasting roughly from the end of the Persian Wars in 448 BCE to either the death of Pericles 429 BCE or the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE.
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Polis
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Greek word for city-state. Is a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. When used to describe Classical Athens and its contemporaries, it is often translated as "city-state."
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Roman Senate
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A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic they effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. Formed by Romulus; served for life; administered laws and decrees; controlled treasury and collected taxes; appointed military commanders; received foreign ambassadors and ratified treaties with foreign powers.
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Pax Romana
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A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.
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Diocletian
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Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happend he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians. Separated and enlarged the empire's civil and military services and re-organized the empire's provincial divisions, establishing the largest and most bureaucratic government in the history of the empire.
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Eastern Orthodox Church
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Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia.
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Constantine
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Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337). Roman Emperor who founded Constantinople as the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire; reunited the Roman Empire
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Julius Caesar
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Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power. Roman general who became the republic's dictator; created the basis for the calendar
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Augustus
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Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC. First Roman Emperor
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Carthage
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City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E.
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Tribunes
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An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates.
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Attila
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Leader of the Huns who put pressure on the Roman Empire's borders during the 5th century.
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Olmec
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The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.
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Vedic
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Having to do with or pertaining to the Vedas-the oldest scriptures in India and the world, passed through oral tradition.
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Caste System
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A set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society.
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Gupta Empire
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Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism.
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Hinduism
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An eastern religion which evolved from an ancient Aryan religion in which followers strive to free their soul from reincarnation until the soul is finally freed. This religion is practiced primarily in India.
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Buddhism
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The teaching that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth.
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Zhou dynasty
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The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History.
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Qin dynasty
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A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Their ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects.
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Han dynasty
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Imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; was an age of economic prosperity, and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1050-256 BCE).
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Daoism
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Philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events
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Confucianism
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A philosophy that most emphasizes proper relationships as the basis for social and political order. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.
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Praetorian Guard
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The elite bodyguard of a Roman Emperor
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Marcus Aurelius
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Last of the "Good Emperors", Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs, End of the Pax Romana
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Byzantine Empire
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A continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395, rose out of the split of East and Western Roman Empire; lasted another 1000 years; kept Hellenism alive; fell in 1453 by the Ottomans
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Huns
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Nomadic people from Asia who attacked Europe in the 4th Century and then invaded the northwest part of India in the 5th Century.
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Mongols
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A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)
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Byzantine culture
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Greco-Roman culture continued to flourish, language was Greek, Orthodox Christianity, Greek and Roman knowledge was perserved in libraries
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Islam
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The monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran
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Ottoman Empire
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Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.
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Mayans
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A Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its spectacular art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established during the Preclassic period,(c. 250 CE to 900 CE), and continued until the arrival of the Spanish.
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Aztecs
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(1200-1521) 1300, They settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.
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Incas
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A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.
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The Black Death
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By 1348, this disease ravaged from Italy, Spain, and France to the rest of Europe; transmitted by fleas on rats; considered an epidemic; one in three people died; spread from Asia to middle east; people turned to witchcraft for cures; some beat themselves because they considered the disease God's punishment; Christians blamed Jews; production declined; higher wages; inflation
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Tang Dynasty
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The imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907, with its capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), the most populous city in the world at the time, is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization—equal to, or surpassing that of, the earlier Han Dynasty—a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Its territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, was greater than that of the Han period
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Ming Dynasty
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A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia
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Song Dynasty
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(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings
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Kingdom of Maili
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Was a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 to c. 1600. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I. This Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the Niger River. This empire extended over a large area and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces.
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Kingdom of Ghana
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First of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa (7th - 13th century). Located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and part of Mali, it acted as intermediary between Arab and Berber salt traders to the north and gold and ivory producers to the south.
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Kingdom of Songhay (Songhai)
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Was an African state of west Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, It was one of the largest African empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group. Its capital was the city of Gao, where a small state had existed since the 11th century. Its base of power was on the bend of the Niger River in present day Niger and Burkina Faso.
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Magellan
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He was the first to prove that the new world really was a distinct landmass, separate from Asia. After sailing around around the southern tip of South America he sailed westward acrosst he Pacific and reached the Philippine Islands, claiming them for Spain., Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain
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Vasco Da Gama
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Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.
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Christopher Columbus
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Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.
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Copernicus
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Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)
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Galileo
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Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)
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Newton
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This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science
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Absolutism
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A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
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Locke
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Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.
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Voltaire
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French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.
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Rousseau
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Wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind, The Social Contract, & Emile. He identified the human nature was originally happy but was corrupted when man claimed that they owned land. Said the government must rule at the general will of the people so that the most people are benefited. Hated Parlaiment because the delegates made laws not the people.
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Reformation
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A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
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Renaissance
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The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history
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Enlightenment
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An intellectual movement concentrated in France during the 1700's developed rational laws to describe social behavior and applied their findings in support of human rights and liberal economic theories.
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French Revolution
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The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
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Haitian Revolution
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Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.
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Industrial Revolution
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The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.
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Urbanization
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Movement of people from rural areas to cities. Refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities. Historically, it has been closely connected with industrialization
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The factory system
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Each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories. Factories spread wildly as well in the 1820s. Many of these factories were also built alongside water to take advantage of water power. Many also had massive smokestacks. Factories polluted both water and air.
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Marxism
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The economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded
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Liberalism
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A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.
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Socialism
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A theory or system that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. An economic system in which government owns some factors of production and participates in answering economic questions. It offers some security and benefits to those who are less fortunate, homeless, or under-employed.
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Imperialism
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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.
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The Meiji Restoration
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Period of time where the shoguns were abolished as military leaders of the government and all controll was given to the government and Japan was modernized
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Lenin
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Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.
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Stalin
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Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition
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Mao Zedong
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This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.
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Mohandas Gandhi
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A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.
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Kwame Nkrumah
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Founder of Ghana's independence movement and Ghana's first priesident
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Nelson Mandela
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Born 1918. 11th President of South Africa. Spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the stuggle against apartheid. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
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Facism
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A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition
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Communism
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A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.
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League of Nations
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International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.
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The Great Leap Forward
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In 1958 Zedong launched a program; he urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output and created communes; Rural communes set up "backyard" industries to produce steel; this program failed b/c "backyards" produced low-quality, communes had slow food output, bad weather, and a famine. What is this program called?
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Cultural Revolution
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A radical sociopolitical movement in China c1966-71, led by Mao Zedong and characterized by military rule, terrorism, purges, restructuring of the educational system, etc.
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Neo Colonialism
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A process of acculturation or cultural imperialism through which forms of industrial, political and economic organization are often imposed on other cultures under the guise of getting aid in the form of technological and industrial "progress," but it can still lead to good things, like bringing needed infrastructure
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Gorbachev
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Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)
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Perestroika
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An economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union, a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society.
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Glasnost
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Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.
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International Monetary Fund
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An international organization of 183 countries, established in 1947 with the goal of promoting cooperation and exchange between nations, and to aid the growth of international trade.
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United Nations
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International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.
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European Union
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An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
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Russian Revolution
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The coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922
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Mexican Revolution
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This revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist and agrarianist movements, led by Fransico Madero, 1810 to 1823. They fought for independence from Spain and for social justice; they wanted equal rights for Indians, mestizos,
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Chinese Revolution
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The struggle between Nationalists and Communists forces in China that began in the 1920's and ended in 1949 with a Communist victory
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Homo erectus
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Hominids who are believed to have walked completely upright like modern people do, called "Upright Man". First developed in Africa.
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Nomadic Herding
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Is a way of life where families move along with their herds according to the seasons and rely on their animals for food, shelter and clothing. They can tend to cattle, camels, goats, horses, reindeer, or sheep.
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Slash-and-burn agriculture
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Consists of cutting and burning of forests or woodlands to create fields for agriculture or pasture for livestock, or for a variety of other purposes. It is sometimes part of shifting cultivation agriculture, and of transhumance livestock herding.
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Settled Agriculture
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As opposed to slash-and-burn varieties, usually implied some forms of property so that land could be identified as belonging to a family, a village, or a landlord. Only with property was there incentive to introduce improvements, such as wells or irrigation measures, that could be monopolized by those who created them or left to their heirs.
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Hunting and Gathering
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The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance. Prehistoric Cave People Moved in Search of Food
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The Four Noble Truths
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The core of the Buddhist teaching. There is suffering. There is a cause to suffering. There is an end to suffering. The is a path out of suffering (the Noble 8-fold path).
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The Concept of Zero
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Was developed in India and brought to Europe by Arab mathematicians. The place-value notation was much more efficient than the unwieldly numerical systems of the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.
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Crusades
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A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims. A result were new products and technologies brought back to Europe.
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Fuedalism
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A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king, in exchange for thier loyalty, military service and protection of of the people who live on the land. Socioeconomics predominated in both Europe and Japan between 700 and 1300 BCE.
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Guild System
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Eliminated competition, set regulations for size, price, standard, etc...and created a training program for people to become members (apprentice, journey man, master).
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Humanism
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An intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics. A system of thought based on the study of human ideas and actions.
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Humanists
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European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. Explored human endeavors in their art, literature, and poetry.
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Protestant Reformation
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A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. The translation of the Bible into vernacular languages was part of it's endeavor.
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Social Darwinism
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The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
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Laissez-faire economics
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Means allowing industry to be free from state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies. The phrase is French and literally means "let do", but it broadly implies "let it be", or "leave it alone."
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert
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Served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy.
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Pachacuti
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Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca.
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Cortes
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Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
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Otto von Bismarck
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Was a Prussian/German statesman of the late 19th century, and a dominant figure in world affairs. Helped Germany expand, went to war against Denmark, won war, turned against Austria, gained control of North German Confederation.
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North German Confederation
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Result of end of Austria-Prussian War, Austria doesn't get involved in German affairs, major step towards German unification. Came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of Prussia as the leading state.
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Julius Andrassy
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He became Austria-Hungary's last imperial Foreign Minister, serving for just nine days before resigning on 1 November 1918. With war underway He came out in opposition to Foreign Minister Burian's initiatives in Italy and Poland.
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The Long March
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Mao zedong and 100,000 of his followers marched away from the Guomundang (national party)...this was a great victory for communists in China.
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Gunpowder
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Was invented, documented, and used in the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) in China where the Jurchen military forces used gunpowder-based weapons technology (i.e. rockets, guns, cannons), and explosives (i.e. grenades and different types of bombs) against the Mongols. The Mongols, Muslims, Western Europe, and Japan adopted gunpowder in chronological sequene.
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Shintoism
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Was the primitive religion of Japan before the coming of Buddhism, which is currently the main religion of Japan. It is a very simple religion. It gives only one command, the necessity of being loyal to one's ancestors.
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The Printing Press
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Was most responsible for the rapid spread of new ideas inRenaissance Europe.
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Franco-Prussian War
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(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.
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Russo-Turkish War
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(1877-1878) Had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War. As a result of the war, the principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire.
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Crimean War
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Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. The war arose from the conflict of Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan.
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Treaty of Versailles
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The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans. Terms on which the U.S. would mediate would include the retroession of Alsace-Lorraine to France and the acquisition of Constantinople by Russia.
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The Korean War
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In June 1950 the N. Korean army invaded S. Korea, quickly taking Seoul. The UN Security Counsil met in emergency session and declared the invasion an unwarranted aggression. After three years of fighting, the war ended in stalemate.
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The Vietnam War
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The Communist forces of North Vietnam supported by China and the Soviet Union and the non-Communist forces of South Vietnam supported by the United States resulted in war.
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Egyptian Afterlife
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The dead were judged and if they had led a good life, they would live forever in the next world just as they had on Earth.
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Empiricism
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The view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.
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Scholasticism
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A medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason
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Philosophes
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French thinkers who popularized Enlightenment ideas through their writings were known as this. Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason.
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Council of TrentBacon's Rebellion of 1676
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Friction between English settlers and Native Americans
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Articles of Confederation
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Goal that was clearly expressed was a limit on the power of the national government. This document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage
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British Colony of Virginia in the 17th Century
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It was disctive because it had a popularly elected legislature.
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The Appalachian Plateau
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Was one of the regions of the South that had the strongest pro-Union sentiments at the outbreak of the Civil War.
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Stamp Act of 1765
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Primarily intended on paying for the military defense of the colonies. Parilament required that all revenue stamps be affixed to all colonial printed matter.
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White men of middle income
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A group that gained the most political power as a result of the American Revolution.
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Anti-Federalists
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Were opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it lacked a bill of rights. Opponents of the Constitution who saw it as a limitation on individual and states' rights, their demands led to the addition of the a Bill of Rights to the document.
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William Lloyd Garrison
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Was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, voluntaryist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States.
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John Brown
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Was an American abolitionist, who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859.
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Frederick Douglass
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American abolitionist, women's suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman, minister and reformer. Escaping from slavery, he made strong contributions to the abolitionist movement, and achieved a public career that led to his being called "The Sage of Anacostia" and "The Lion of Anacostia". Is one of the most prominent figures in African American and United States history.
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The Gilded Age
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Refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era of the late 19th century (1865-1901). Is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. Characterized by robber barrons, panics, and political corruption.
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Migration to the trans-Mississipppi southwest
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Increased scale of cotton production during the 1830s and 1840s in the United States.
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Abolitionism
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Was a movement in western Europe and the Americas to end the slave trade and set slaves free. The slave system aroused little protest until the 18th century,
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John Mercer Langston
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Was an American abolitionist, attorney, educator, and political activist. Together with his older brothers Gideon and Charles, he became active in the Abolitionist movement. He helped runaway slaves to escape to the North along the Ohio part of the Underground Railroad. In 1858 he and Charles partnered in leading the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society.
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Nativism
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Favors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. Typically means opposition to immigration or efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural groups because the groups are considered hostile or alien to the natural culture, and it is assumed that they cannot be assimilated.
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Isolationism
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Is a foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military policy and a political policy of economic nationalism (protectionism). In other words, it asserts both of the following: Non-interventionism & Protectionism
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Non-interventionism
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Political rulers should avoid entangling alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial self-defense.
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Protectionism
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There should be legal barriers to control trade and cultural exchange with people in other states.
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Temperance movement
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Is a social movement against the use of alcoholic beverages. Its movements may criticize excessive alcohol use, promote complete abstinence, or pressure the government to enact anti-alcohol legislation.
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Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808 - December 6, 1889
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Was an American military officer, statesman and leader of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, serving as the president of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865.
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A Century of Dishonor (1881), by Helen Hunt Jackson,
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Chronicles the experiences of Native Americans in the United States, focusing on examples of injustices.
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The Last of the Mohicans, James Fenimore Cooper,
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The story takes place in 1757, during the French and Indian War (the Seven Years' War), when France and Great Britain battled for control of the North American colonies. During this war, the French called on allied Native American tribes to fight with the more numerous British colonists.
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Logan's Lament
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He was a leader of the Mingo Indians. He was a war leader but often urged his fellow natives not to attack whites settling in the Ohio Country. His attitude changed on May 3, 1774, when a group of Virginia settlers murdered approximately one dozen Mingos. Among them were his mother and sister. He demanded that the Mingos and their allies, principally the Shawnee Indians, take revenge for the deaths of his loved ones. He wrote a famous speech and sent it to the English, refusing to come to negotiate peace.
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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Is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe which inspired people in the North to join antislavery campaigns.
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United States and Mexico War in 1846
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Was sparked by the factor of a continuing dispute over the southern boundary of Texas.
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Ronald Regan's Platform in 1980
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Decreasing taxes and government regulation.
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Sharecropping System
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Dominant agricultural model in the post-Civil War South. Is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g., 50% of the crop).
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Plantation
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Is a large farm or estate, usually in a tropical or subtropical country, where crops are grown for sale in distant markets, rather than for local consumption. Dominated southern agriculture from the mid-eighteenth century to the Civil War. These large farms, employing twenty or more slaves, produced staple crops (cotton, rice, tobacco) for domestic and foreign markets.
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The Sedition Act of 1918
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Imposed harsh punishments for expressing ideas disloyal to the United States.
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European immigrants
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This group came to the United States between 1815 and 1860 because it was attracted to the availability of inexpensive land and higher wages.
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Interstate Commerce Commision
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Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.
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Northern Securities Company
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Was an important United States railroad trust formed in 1902 by E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller, and their associates. The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, and other associated lines. The company was sued in 1902 under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by President Theodore Roosevelt; one of the first anti-trust cases filed against corporate interests instead of labor.
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Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
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Requires the United States Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to use the law until Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency (1901-1908). The purpose of the act was to oppose the combination of entities that could potentially harm competition, such as monopolies or cartels.
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INS- (Immigration and Naturalization Service)
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Protected and enforced the laws of naturalization, the process by which a foreign-born person becomes a citizen. It also tackled illegal entrance into the United States, preventing receipt of benefits such as social security or unemployment by those ineligible to receive them, and investigated, detained, and deported those illegally living in the United States.
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Herbert Hover's initial response to the Great Depression
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Voluntary measures by businesses and private relief efforts.
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W. E. B. Du Bois
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An American civil rights activist. He became the head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910, becoming founder and editor of the NAACP's journal The Crisis. He rose to national attention in his opposition of Booker T. Washington's ideas of social integration between whites and blacks, campaigning instead for increased political representation for blacks in order to guarantee civil rights, and the formation of a Black elite that would work for the progress of the African American race. He was willing to form alliances with progressive White Americans in pursuit of civil rights.
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Marcus Garvey
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Inspired by what he heard he returned to Jamaica and established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and published the pamphlet, The Negro Race and Its Problems. He was influenced by the ideas of Booker T. Washington and made plans to develop a trade school for the poor similar to the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.
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Huey Newton
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Was co-founder and leader of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense, an African-American organization established to promote Black Power, civil rights and self-defense.
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Malcolm X
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Was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans
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Taft Hartley Act (1947)
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Passed over President Harry Truman's veto, the law contained a number of provisions to weaken labor unions, including the banning of closed shops. It imposed a federally mandated "cooling-off period" on strikes judged to endanger national security.
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The New Deal
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Was a series of economic programs passed by Congress during the first term of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States, from 1933 to his reelection in 1937. The programs were responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the 3 Rs: relief, recovery and reform. It attempted to improve the economy through large-scale spending on relief and reform.
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Gibbons v. Ogden, (1824)
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Was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of New York's gathering of steamboat monopolies.
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Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 )
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U.S. Supreme Court decision required police to advise persons in custody of their rights to legal counsel and agaisnt self-incrimination.
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Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
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U.S. Supreme Court decision gauranteeing legal counsel for indigent felony defendents.
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Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)
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Was a United States Supreme Court case holding that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment.
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Communitarianism
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Social reform movement of the nineteenth century driven by the belief that by establishing small communities based on common ownership of property, a less competitive and individualistic society could be developed.
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Deindustrialization
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Term describing decline of manufacturing in old industrial areas in the late twentieth century as companies shifted production to low wage centers in the South and West or in other countries.
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The First Great Awakening
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Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 40s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield. Was a period of heightened religious activity in the British North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s.
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Fundamentalism
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Anti-modernist Protest movement started in the early twentieth century that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible, the name came from the Fundamentals, published by conservative leaders.
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Individualism
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Term that entered the language in the 1820s to describe the increasing emphasis on the pursuit of personal advancement and private fulfillment free of oustide interference.
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Jay's Treaty
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Treaty with Britain negotitated in 1794 by Chief Justice John Jay; Britain agreed to vacate forts in the Northwest Territories, and festering disagreements (border with Canada, prewar debts, shipping claims) would be settled by commission.
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Indian Removal Act ( 1830 )
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Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law premitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma.
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Liberalism
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Originally, political philosophy that emphasized the protection of liberty by limiting power of government interference with the natural rights of citizens; in the twentieth century, belief in an activist government promoting greater social and economic equality.
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Manifest Destiny
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Phrase first used in 1845 to urge annexation of Texas used thereafter to encourage American settlement of European colonial and Indian lands in the Great Plains and the West and, more generally, as justification for American empire.
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Mercantilism
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Policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating the economies of colonies to benefit the mother country.
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Marshall Plan
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U.S. program for the reconstruction of post-World War II Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies.
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Nat Turner
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Led the most important slave uprising in nineteenth-century America. The rebellion he led killed about sixty white people in Virginia in 1831.
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New Freedom
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Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.
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Ostend Manifesto
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Memorandum written in 1854 from Ostend, Beligium, by the U.S. mininsters to England, France, and Spain recommending purchase or seizure of Cuba in order to increase the United States lave holding territory.
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Progressivism
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Broad-based reform movement, 1900-1917, that sought governmental action in solving problems in many areas of American life, including education, public health, the economy, the environment, labor, transportation, and politics.
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Unitarianism
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Late-eighteenth-century liberal offshoot of the New England Congregationalist Church; rejecting the Trinity, It professed the oneness of God and the goodness of rational man.
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Townshend Acts (1767)
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Parliamentary measures (named for the chancellor of the Exchequer) that taxed tea and other commodities, and established a Board of Custom Commisioners and colonial vice-admiralty courts.
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Monroe Doctrine
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President James Monroe's declaration to Congress on December 2, 1823, that the American continents would thenceforth closed to European colonization, and that the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.
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Muckrackers
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Writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, child labor and more. Primarily in the 20th century, their popular books and magazine articles spurred public interest in reform.
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Montgomery bus boycott
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Sparked by Rosa Park's arrest on December 1, 1955, for refusing to surrender her seat to a while passenger, a successful year-long boycott protesting segragation on city buses; led by the Reverend Marin Luther King.
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Copperheads
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Republican term for northerners opposed to the Civil War; it derived from the name of a poisonous snake.
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Containment
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General U.S. strategy in the Cold War that called for containing Soviet expansion; originally devised by U.S. dipolomat George Kennan.
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Cotton Gin
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Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, the machine separated cotton seeds from cotton fiber, speeding cotton processing and making profitable the cultivation of the more hardy, led to the dramatic nineteenth century expansion of slavery in the South.
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King George
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Leader of England during the American revolutionary war and was blamed for the loss of the 13 colonies.
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John Adams
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America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained." Lawyer who defended British soldiers in the Boston Massacre trial.
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Thomas Paine
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Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man
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Thomas Jefferson
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He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.
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Greenville Acts
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Britain was facing serious debt issues, and was in danger of a destabilized economy. These were a series of acts designed to tax the colonies, which included the Stamp Act (1765), Quartering Act (1765), currency act (1764), Declatory Act (1766), and Revenue act (1764).
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Intolerable Acts
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In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses
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Proclomation of 1763
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Law created by British officials that prohibited colonists from settling in areas west of the Appalachian Mountains
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Battle of Saratoga
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Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.
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Battle of Yorktown
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Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.
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Battle of Lexington and Concord
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The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green.
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Treaty of Paris
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Agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry
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The Federalist Papers
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Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists
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The Dawes Act
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Passed by Congress in 1887. Its purpose was to Americanize the Native Americans. The act broke up the reservations, gave some of the land to Native Americans. The government was to sell the remainder to white settlers and use the income from that sale for Native Americans to buy farm equipment. But by 1932 white settlers had taken 2/3 of reservation territory, and Native Americans received no money from the sale of the reservations.
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The Platt Ammendment
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Platt Amendment (1901) Amendment to Cuban constitution that reserved the United States' right to intervene in Cuban affairs and forced newly independent Cuba to host American naval bases on the island.
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Yellow Journalism
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Sensationalism in newspaper publishing that reached a peak in the circulation between Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst in 1890. Each newspaper's accounts events in Havana harbor in 1898 that led to the Spanish-American War.
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Roe v. Wade (1973)
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Abortion rights fall within the privacy implied in the 14th amendmen
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Hammurabi's Code
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Is best summarized by the following expression, "An eye for and eye"
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Paleolithic Age
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Old Stone Age, during the this period, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and hunting or scavenging wild animals. This period is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Were nomadic and lived in small groups.
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Roman Empire's use of slavery in their economy
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Led to a lack of innovation in manufacturing and agriculture.
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Hippocrates
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Contributed to the knowledge of the ancient Greeks by proposing new methods for treating diseases.
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Charlemagne
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He attempted to unitfy his lands in Western Europe after his death in 814 C.E. because regional loyalties that owtweighed allegience to his son.
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Mao Zedong
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Successfully implemented communism in China because he had the support of the Chinese peasantry.
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West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mail, Songhai between 1000 to 1500
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Rose in power and wealth because they controlled the cross-Sahara trade of salt from northern Africa for the gold of tropical Africa.
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Merchants
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This group in medieval Europe helped loosen fuedal ties.
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Neolithic Period
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In the Middle East, the sedentary agriculture was based on barley, wheat, and pigs. New Stone Age (following the mesolithic)
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Sedentary Agriculture
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Farming system in which the farmer remains settled in one place
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Shifting cultivation
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Farming system where farmers move on from one place to another when the land becomes exhausted. The most common form is slash-and-burn agriculture: land is cleared by burning, so that crops can be grown. Slash-and-burn is practised in many tropical forest areas, such as the Amazon region, where yams, cassava, and sweet potatoes can be grown
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Nomadic pastoralism
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Farming system where animals (cattle, goats, camels) are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures.
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Suez Crisis, 1956
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Also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, was a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956. A consequence from this crisis was, that president Nasser of Egypt gained prestige as the leader of Arab opposition to Western Colonialism.
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Yalta Conference
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Was the February 4-11, 1945 wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. Established new boundaries for Poland.
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Sun Yat-sen
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Led a movement to create a united, democratic China free from foreign control.
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The Silk Road
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Is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe. It spread Buddhism from India to China.
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Animal husbandry
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An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.
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Mesolithic Period
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Middle part of the Stone Age beginning about 15,000 years ago
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The Neolithic Revolution
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Was the first agricultural revolution—the transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands, to agriculture and settlement. Archaeological data indicate that various forms of domestication of plants and animals arose independently in at least seven or eight separate locales worldwide, with the earliest known developments taking place in the Middle East around 10,000 BC or earlier
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Acropolis
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The religious center of Athens in Ancient Greece; meeting place; site of Parthenona. Large hill in ancient Greece where city residents sought shelter and safety in times of war and met to discuss community affairs
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Socrates
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Ancient Athenian philosopher who helped bring about Greece's Golden Age
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Plato
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Student of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society.
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The Republic
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A political order in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who are entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them
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Peloponnesian War
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A war fought between Athens and Sparta; won by Sparta because it was able to cut off Athens' grain supply.
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Alexander the Great
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King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Persia, Egypt and the Indus Valley; spred Greek culture across three continents
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Thucydides
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Greek historian. Considered the greatest historian of antiquity, he wrote a critical history of the Peloponnesian War that contains the funeral oration of Pericles
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Aristotle
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Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.
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Macedonia
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An an ancient kingdom ruled by Alexander the Great that conquered most of Greece and the Persian Empire in the 300s B.C.
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Alexandria
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City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization.
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Helladic Period
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Bronze age Greece, started around 2800 BC and lasted till 1050 BC in Crete while in the Aegean islands it started in 3000 BC. The economy of the villages depended on production of tools, weapons, agriculture and art and architecture.The need for more metals and goods lead to introduction of different colonies and barter creating set-up for trade.
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Minoan Age
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Bronze Age civilization, centring on the island of Crete. Built huge palaces, writing, artisans, traded w/Egypt, Phoenicia and Mesopotamia
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Mycenaean Age
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Lasted from about 2000 B.C.E to the conquest of the Greek peninsula by invaders in the 1100s. Were bold traders and maintained contact with other countries from the Mediterranean and Europe. They were excellent engineers and built outstanding bridges, tombs, residences and palaces. Civilization is dedicated to King Agamemnon who led the Greeks in the Trojan War.
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Sparta
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Was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which completely focused on military training and excellence.
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Oligarchy
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A form of government in which power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, military might, or religious hegemony.
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Mixed government
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Also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of government by democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy. It means there are some issues (often defined in a constitution) where the state is governed by the majority of the people, in some other issues the state is governed by few, in some other issues by a single person (also often defined in a constitution). The idea is commonly treated as an antecedent of separation of powers.
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Athenian democracy
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A type of government used in Athens which is sort of a combine of majority rule and democracy. It remains a unique and intriguing experiment in direct democracy where the people do not elect representatives to vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own right. Greek democracy created at Athens was a direct, not a representative democracy: any adult male citizen of age could take part, and it was a duty to do so.
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Pericles
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Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece. Was a prominent and influential statesman, orator, and general of Athens during the city's Golden Age—specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. Also, he led Athens in the war against Sparta.
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The Assembly
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The central events of the Athenian democracy. It had four main functions; it made executive pronouncements (decrees, such as deciding to go to war or granting citizenship to a foreigner); it elected some officials; it legislated; and it tried political crimes.
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The Golden Age
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Is the term used to denote the historical period in Classical Greece lasting roughly from the end of the Persian Wars in 448 BCE to either the death of Pericles 429 BCE or the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE.
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Polis
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Greek word for city-state. Is a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. When used to describe Classical Athens and its contemporaries, it is often translated as "city-state."
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Roman Senate
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A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic they effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. Formed by Romulus; served for life; administered laws and decrees; controlled treasury and collected taxes; appointed military commanders; received foreign ambassadors and ratified treaties with foreign powers.
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Pax Romana
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A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.
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Diocletian
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Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happend he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians. Separated and enlarged the empire's civil and military services and re-organized the empire's provincial divisions, establishing the largest and most bureaucratic government in the history of the empire.
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Eastern Orthodox Church
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Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia.
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Constantine
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Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337). Roman Emperor who founded Constantinople as the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire; reunited the Roman Empire
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Julius Caesar
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Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power. Roman general who became the republic's dictator; created the basis for the calendar
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Augustus
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Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC. First Roman Emperor
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Carthage
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City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E.
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Tribunes
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An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates.
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Attila
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Leader of the Huns who put pressure on the Roman Empire's borders during the 5th century.
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Olmec
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The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.
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Vedic
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Having to do with or pertaining to the Vedas-the oldest scriptures in India and the world, passed through oral tradition.
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Caste System
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A set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society.
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Gupta Empire
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Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism.
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Hinduism
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An eastern religion which evolved from an ancient Aryan religion in which followers strive to free their soul from reincarnation until the soul is finally freed. This religion is practiced primarily in India.
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Buddhism
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The teaching that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth.
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Zhou dynasty
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The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History.
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Qin dynasty
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A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Their ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects.
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Han dynasty
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Imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; was an age of economic prosperity, and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1050-256 BCE).
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Daoism
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Philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events
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Confucianism
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A philosophy that most emphasizes proper relationships as the basis for social and political order. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.
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Praetorian Guard
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The elite bodyguard of a Roman Emperor
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Marcus Aurelius
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Last of the "Good Emperors", Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs, End of the Pax Romana
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Byzantine Empire
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A continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395, rose out of the split of East and Western Roman Empire; lasted another 1000 years; kept Hellenism alive; fell in 1453 by the Ottomans
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Huns
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Nomadic people from Asia who attacked Europe in the 4th Century and then invaded the northwest part of India in the 5th Century.
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Mongols
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A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)
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Byzantine culture
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Greco-Roman culture continued to flourish, language was Greek, Orthodox Christianity, Greek and Roman knowledge was perserved in libraries
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Islam
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The monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran
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Ottoman Empire
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Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.
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Mayans
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A Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its spectacular art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established during the Preclassic period,(c. 250 CE to 900 CE), and continued until the arrival of the Spanish.
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Aztecs
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(1200-1521) 1300, They settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.
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Incas
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A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.
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The Black Death
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By 1348, this disease ravaged from Italy, Spain, and France to the rest of Europe; transmitted by fleas on rats; considered an epidemic; one in three people died; spread from Asia to middle east; people turned to witchcraft for cures; some beat themselves because they considered the disease God's punishment; Christians blamed Jews; production declined; higher wages; inflation
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Tang Dynasty
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The imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907, with its capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), the most populous city in the world at the time, is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization—equal to, or surpassing that of, the earlier Han Dynasty—a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Its territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, was greater than that of the Han period
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Ming Dynasty
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A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia
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Song Dynasty
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(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings
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Kingdom of Maili
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Was a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 to c. 1600. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I. This Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the Niger River. This empire extended over a large area and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces.
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Kingdom of Ghana
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First of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa (7th - 13th century). Located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and part of Mali, it acted as intermediary between Arab and Berber salt traders to the north and gold and ivory producers to the south.
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Kingdom of Songhay (Songhai)
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Was an African state of west Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, It was one of the largest African empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group. Its capital was the city of Gao, where a small state had existed since the 11th century. Its base of power was on the bend of the Niger River in present day Niger and Burkina Faso.
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Magellan
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He was the first to prove that the new world really was a distinct landmass, separate from Asia. After sailing around around the southern tip of South America he sailed westward acrosst he Pacific and reached the Philippine Islands, claiming them for Spain., Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain
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Vasco Da Gama
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Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.
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Christopher Columbus
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Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.
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Copernicus
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Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)
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Galileo
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Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)
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Newton
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This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science
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Absolutism
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A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
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Locke
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Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.
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Voltaire
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French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.
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Rousseau
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Wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind, The Social Contract, & Emile. He identified the human nature was originally happy but was corrupted when man claimed that they owned land. Said the government must rule at the general will of the people so that the most people are benefited. Hated Parlaiment because the delegates made laws not the people.
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Reformation
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A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
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Renaissance
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The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history
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Enlightenment
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An intellectual movement concentrated in France during the 1700's developed rational laws to describe social behavior and applied their findings in support of human rights and liberal economic theories.
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French Revolution
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The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.
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Haitian Revolution
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Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.
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Industrial Revolution
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The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.
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Urbanization
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Movement of people from rural areas to cities. Refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities. Historically, it has been closely connected with industrialization
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The factory system
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Each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories. Factories spread wildly as well in the 1820s. Many of these factories were also built alongside water to take advantage of water power. Many also had massive smokestacks. Factories polluted both water and air.
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Marxism
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The economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded
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Liberalism
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A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.
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Socialism
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A theory or system that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. An economic system in which government owns some factors of production and participates in answering economic questions. It offers some security and benefits to those who are less fortunate, homeless, or under-employed.
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Imperialism
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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.
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The Meiji Restoration
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Period of time where the shoguns were abolished as military leaders of the government and all controll was given to the government and Japan was modernized
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Lenin
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Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.
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Stalin
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Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition
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Mao Zedong
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This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.
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Mohandas Gandhi
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A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.
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Kwame Nkrumah
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Founder of Ghana's independence movement and Ghana's first priesident
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Nelson Mandela
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Born 1918. 11th President of South Africa. Spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the stuggle against apartheid. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
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Facism
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A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition
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Communism
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A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.
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League of Nations
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International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.
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The Great Leap Forward
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In 1958 Zedong launched a program; he urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output and created communes; Rural communes set up "backyard" industries to produce steel; this program failed b/c "backyards" produced low-quality, communes had slow food output, bad weather, and a famine. What is this program called?
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Cultural Revolution
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A radical sociopolitical movement in China c1966-71, led by Mao Zedong and characterized by military rule, terrorism, purges, restructuring of the educational system, etc.
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Neo Colonialism
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A process of acculturation or cultural imperialism through which forms of industrial, political and economic organization are often imposed on other cultures under the guise of getting aid in the form of technological and industrial "progress," but it can still lead to good things, like bringing needed infrastructure
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Gorbachev
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Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)
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Perestroika
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An economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union, a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society.
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Glasnost
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Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.
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International Monetary Fund
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An international organization of 183 countries, established in 1947 with the goal of promoting cooperation and exchange between nations, and to aid the growth of international trade.
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United Nations
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International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.
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European Union
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An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
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Russian Revolution
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The coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922
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Mexican Revolution
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This revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist and agrarianist movements, led by Fransico Madero, 1810 to 1823. They fought for independence from Spain and for social justice; they wanted equal rights for Indians, mestizos,
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Chinese Revolution
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The struggle between Nationalists and Communists forces in China that began in the 1920's and ended in 1949 with a Communist victory
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Homo erectus
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Hominids who are believed to have walked completely upright like modern people do, called "Upright Man". First developed in Africa.
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Nomadic Herding
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Is a way of life where families move along with their herds according to the seasons and rely on their animals for food, shelter and clothing. They can tend to cattle, camels, goats, horses, reindeer, or sheep.
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Slash-and-burn agriculture
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Consists of cutting and burning of forests or woodlands to create fields for agriculture or pasture for livestock, or for a variety of other purposes. It is sometimes part of shifting cultivation agriculture, and of transhumance livestock herding.
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Settled Agriculture
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As opposed to slash-and-burn varieties, usually implied some forms of property so that land could be identified as belonging to a family, a village, or a landlord. Only with property was there incentive to introduce improvements, such as wells or irrigation measures, that could be monopolized by those who created them or left to their heirs.
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Hunting and Gathering
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The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance. Prehistoric Cave People Moved in Search of Food
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The Four Noble Truths
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The core of the Buddhist teaching. There is suffering. There is a cause to suffering. There is an end to suffering. The is a path out of suffering (the Noble 8-fold path).
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The Concept of Zero
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Was developed in India and brought to Europe by Arab mathematicians. The place-value notation was much more efficient than the unwieldly numerical systems of the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.
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Crusades
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A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims. A result were new products and technologies brought back to Europe.
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Fuedalism
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A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king, in exchange for thier loyalty, military service and protection of of the people who live on the land. Socioeconomics predominated in both Europe and Japan between 700 and 1300 BCE.
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Guild System
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Eliminated competition, set regulations for size, price, standard, etc...and created a training program for people to become members (apprentice, journey man, master).
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Humanism
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An intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics. A system of thought based on the study of human ideas and actions.
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Humanists
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European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. Explored human endeavors in their art, literature, and poetry.
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Protestant Reformation
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A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. The translation of the Bible into vernacular languages was part of it's endeavor.
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Social Darwinism
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The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
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Laissez-faire economics
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Means allowing industry to be free from state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies. The phrase is French and literally means "let do", but it broadly implies "let it be", or "leave it alone."
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert
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Served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy.
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Pachacuti
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Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca.
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Cortes
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Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
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Otto von Bismarck
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Was a Prussian/German statesman of the late 19th century, and a dominant figure in world affairs. Helped Germany expand, went to war against Denmark, won war, turned against Austria, gained control of North German Confederation.
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North German Confederation
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Result of end of Austria-Prussian War, Austria doesn't get involved in German affairs, major step towards German unification. Came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of Prussia as the leading state.
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Julius Andrassy
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He became Austria-Hungary's last imperial Foreign Minister, serving for just nine days before resigning on 1 November 1918. With war underway He came out in opposition to Foreign Minister Burian's initiatives in Italy and Poland.
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The Long March
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Mao zedong and 100,000 of his followers marched away from the Guomundang (national party)...this was a great victory for communists in China.
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Gunpowder
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Was invented, documented, and used in the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) in China where the Jurchen military forces used gunpowder-based weapons technology (i.e. rockets, guns, cannons), and explosives (i.e. grenades and different types of bombs) against the Mongols. The Mongols, Muslims, Western Europe, and Japan adopted gunpowder in chronological sequene.
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Shintoism
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Was the primitive religion of Japan before the coming of Buddhism, which is currently the main religion of Japan. It is a very simple religion. It gives only one command, the necessity of being loyal to one's ancestors.
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The Printing Press
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Was most responsible for the rapid spread of new ideas inRenaissance Europe.
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Franco-Prussian War
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(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.
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Russo-Turkish War
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(1877-1878) Had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War. As a result of the war, the principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire.
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Crimean War
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Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. The war arose from the conflict of Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan.
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Treaty of Versailles
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The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans. Terms on which the U.S. would mediate would include the retroession of Alsace-Lorraine to France and the acquisition of Constantinople by Russia.
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The Korean War
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In June 1950 the N. Korean army invaded S. Korea, quickly taking Seoul. The UN Security Counsil met in emergency session and declared the invasion an unwarranted aggression. After three years of fighting, the war ended in stalemate.
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The Vietnam War
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The Communist forces of North Vietnam supported by China and the Soviet Union and the non-Communist forces of South Vietnam supported by the United States resulted in war.
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Egyptian Afterlife
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The dead were judged and if they had led a good life, they would live forever in the next world just as they had on Earth.
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Empiricism
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The view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.
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Scholasticism
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A medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason
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Philosophes
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French thinkers who popularized Enlightenment ideas through their writings were known as this. Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason.
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Council of TrentBacon's Rebellion of 1676
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Friction between English settlers and Native Americans
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Articles of Confederation
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Goal that was clearly expressed was a limit on the power of the national government. This document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage
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British Colony of Virginia in the 17th Century
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It was disctive because it had a popularly elected legislature.
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The Appalachian Plateau
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Was one of the regions of the South that had the strongest pro-Union sentiments at the outbreak of the Civil War.
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Stamp Act of 1765
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Primarily intended on paying for the military defense of the colonies. Parilament required that all revenue stamps be affixed to all colonial printed matter.
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White men of middle income
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A group that gained the most political power as a result of the American Revolution.
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Anti-Federalists
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Were opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it lacked a bill of rights. Opponents of the Constitution who saw it as a limitation on individual and states' rights, their demands led to the addition of the a Bill of Rights to the document.
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William Lloyd Garrison
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Was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, voluntaryist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States.
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John Brown
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Was an American abolitionist, who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859.
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Frederick Douglass
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American abolitionist, women's suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman, minister and reformer. Escaping from slavery, he made strong contributions to the abolitionist movement, and achieved a public career that led to his being called "The Sage of Anacostia" and "The Lion of Anacostia". Is one of the most prominent figures in African American and United States history.
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The Gilded Age
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Refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era of the late 19th century (1865-1901). Is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial economy. Characterized by robber barrons, panics, and political corruption.
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Migration to the trans-Mississipppi southwest
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Increased scale of cotton production during the 1830s and 1840s in the United States.
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Abolitionism
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Was a movement in western Europe and the Americas to end the slave trade and set slaves free. The slave system aroused little protest until the 18th century,
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John Mercer Langston
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Was an American abolitionist, attorney, educator, and political activist. Together with his older brothers Gideon and Charles, he became active in the Abolitionist movement. He helped runaway slaves to escape to the North along the Ohio part of the Underground Railroad. In 1858 he and Charles partnered in leading the Ohio Anti-Slavery Society.
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Nativism
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Favors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. Typically means opposition to immigration or efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural groups because the groups are considered hostile or alien to the natural culture, and it is assumed that they cannot be assimilated.
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Isolationism
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Is a foreign policy which combines a non-interventionist military policy and a political policy of economic nationalism (protectionism). In other words, it asserts both of the following: Non-interventionism & Protectionism
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Non-interventionism
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Political rulers should avoid entangling alliances with other nations and avoid all wars not related to direct territorial self-defense.
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Protectionism
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There should be legal barriers to control trade and cultural exchange with people in other states.
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Temperance movement
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Is a social movement against the use of alcoholic beverages. Its movements may criticize excessive alcohol use, promote complete abstinence, or pressure the government to enact anti-alcohol legislation.
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Jefferson Davis (June 3, 1808 - December 6, 1889
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Was an American military officer, statesman and leader of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, serving as the president of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865.
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A Century of Dishonor (1881), by Helen Hunt Jackson,
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Chronicles the experiences of Native Americans in the United States, focusing on examples of injustices.
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The Last of the Mohicans, James Fenimore Cooper,
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The story takes place in 1757, during the French and Indian War (the Seven Years' War), when France and Great Britain battled for control of the North American colonies. During this war, the French called on allied Native American tribes to fight with the more numerous British colonists.
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Logan's Lament
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He was a leader of the Mingo Indians. He was a war leader but often urged his fellow natives not to attack whites settling in the Ohio Country. His attitude changed on May 3, 1774, when a group of Virginia settlers murdered approximately one dozen Mingos. Among them were his mother and sister. He demanded that the Mingos and their allies, principally the Shawnee Indians, take revenge for the deaths of his loved ones. He wrote a famous speech and sent it to the English, refusing to come to negotiate peace.
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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Is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe which inspired people in the North to join antislavery campaigns.
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United States and Mexico War in 1846
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Was sparked by the factor of a continuing dispute over the southern boundary of Texas.
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Ronald Regan's Platform in 1980
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Decreasing taxes and government regulation.
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Sharecropping System
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Dominant agricultural model in the post-Civil War South. Is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g., 50% of the crop).
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Plantation
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Is a large farm or estate, usually in a tropical or subtropical country, where crops are grown for sale in distant markets, rather than for local consumption. Dominated southern agriculture from the mid-eighteenth century to the Civil War. These large farms, employing twenty or more slaves, produced staple crops (cotton, rice, tobacco) for domestic and foreign markets.
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The Sedition Act of 1918
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Imposed harsh punishments for expressing ideas disloyal to the United States.
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European immigrants
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This group came to the United States between 1815 and 1860 because it was attracted to the availability of inexpensive land and higher wages.
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Interstate Commerce Commision
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Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.
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Northern Securities Company
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Was an important United States railroad trust formed in 1902 by E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller, and their associates. The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, and other associated lines. The company was sued in 1902 under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by President Theodore Roosevelt; one of the first anti-trust cases filed against corporate interests instead of labor.
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Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
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Requires the United States Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to use the law until Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency (1901-1908). The purpose of the act was to oppose the combination of entities that could potentially harm competition, such as monopolies or cartels.
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INS- (Immigration and Naturalization Service)
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Protected and enforced the laws of naturalization, the process by which a foreign-born person becomes a citizen. It also tackled illegal entrance into the United States, preventing receipt of benefits such as social security or unemployment by those ineligible to receive them, and investigated, detained, and deported those illegally living in the United States.
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Herbert Hover's initial response to the Great Depression
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Voluntary measures by businesses and private relief efforts.
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W. E. B. Du Bois
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An American civil rights activist. He became the head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910, becoming founder and editor of the NAACP's journal The Crisis. He rose to national attention in his opposition of Booker T. Washington's ideas of social integration between whites and blacks, campaigning instead for increased political representation for blacks in order to guarantee civil rights, and the formation of a Black elite that would work for the progress of the African American race. He was willing to form alliances with progressive White Americans in pursuit of civil rights.
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Marcus Garvey
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Inspired by what he heard he returned to Jamaica and established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and published the pamphlet, The Negro Race and Its Problems. He was influenced by the ideas of Booker T. Washington and made plans to develop a trade school for the poor similar to the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama.
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Huey Newton
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Was co-founder and leader of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense, an African-American organization established to promote Black Power, civil rights and self-defense.
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Malcolm X
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Was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans
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Taft Hartley Act (1947)
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Passed over President Harry Truman's veto, the law contained a number of provisions to weaken labor unions, including the banning of closed shops. It imposed a federally mandated "cooling-off period" on strikes judged to endanger national security.
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The New Deal
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Was a series of economic programs passed by Congress during the first term of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States, from 1933 to his reelection in 1937. The programs were responses to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the 3 Rs: relief, recovery and reform. It attempted to improve the economy through large-scale spending on relief and reform.
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Gibbons v. Ogden, (1824)
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Was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of New York's gathering of steamboat monopolies.
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Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 )
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U.S. Supreme Court decision required police to advise persons in custody of their rights to legal counsel and agaisnt self-incrimination.
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Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
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U.S. Supreme Court decision gauranteeing legal counsel for indigent felony defendents.
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Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)
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Was a United States Supreme Court case holding that criminal suspects have a right to counsel during police interrogations under the Sixth Amendment.
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Communitarianism
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Social reform movement of the nineteenth century driven by the belief that by establishing small communities based on common ownership of property, a less competitive and individualistic society could be developed.
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Deindustrialization
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Term describing decline of manufacturing in old industrial areas in the late twentieth century as companies shifted production to low wage centers in the South and West or in other countries.
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The First Great Awakening
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Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s through the 40s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield. Was a period of heightened religious activity in the British North American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s.
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Fundamentalism
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Anti-modernist Protest movement started in the early twentieth century that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible, the name came from the Fundamentals, published by conservative leaders.
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Individualism
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Term that entered the language in the 1820s to describe the increasing emphasis on the pursuit of personal advancement and private fulfillment free of oustide interference.
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Jay's Treaty
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Treaty with Britain negotitated in 1794 by Chief Justice John Jay; Britain agreed to vacate forts in the Northwest Territories, and festering disagreements (border with Canada, prewar debts, shipping claims) would be settled by commission.
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Indian Removal Act ( 1830 )
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Signed by President Andrew Jackson, the law premitted the negotiation of treaties to obtain the Indians' lands in exchange for their relocation to what would become Oklahoma.
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Liberalism
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Originally, political philosophy that emphasized the protection of liberty by limiting power of government interference with the natural rights of citizens; in the twentieth century, belief in an activist government promoting greater social and economic equality.
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Manifest Destiny
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Phrase first used in 1845 to urge annexation of Texas used thereafter to encourage American settlement of European colonial and Indian lands in the Great Plains and the West and, more generally, as justification for American empire.
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Mercantilism
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Policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating the economies of colonies to benefit the mother country.
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Marshall Plan
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U.S. program for the reconstruction of post-World War II Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies.
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Nat Turner
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Led the most important slave uprising in nineteenth-century America. The rebellion he led killed about sixty white people in Virginia in 1831.
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New Freedom
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Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in the presidential campaign of 1912; Wilson wanted to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, and, by breaking up monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete.
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Ostend Manifesto
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Memorandum written in 1854 from Ostend, Beligium, by the U.S. mininsters to England, France, and Spain recommending purchase or seizure of Cuba in order to increase the United States lave holding territory.
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Progressivism
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Broad-based reform movement, 1900-1917, that sought governmental action in solving problems in many areas of American life, including education, public health, the economy, the environment, labor, transportation, and politics.
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Unitarianism
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Late-eighteenth-century liberal offshoot of the New England Congregationalist Church; rejecting the Trinity, It professed the oneness of God and the goodness of rational man.
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Townshend Acts (1767)
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Parliamentary measures (named for the chancellor of the Exchequer) that taxed tea and other commodities, and established a Board of Custom Commisioners and colonial vice-admiralty courts.
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Monroe Doctrine
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President James Monroe's declaration to Congress on December 2, 1823, that the American continents would thenceforth closed to European colonization, and that the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs.
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Muckrackers
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Writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, child labor and more. Primarily in the 20th century, their popular books and magazine articles spurred public interest in reform.
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Montgomery bus boycott
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Sparked by Rosa Park's arrest on December 1, 1955, for refusing to surrender her seat to a while passenger, a successful year-long boycott protesting segragation on city buses; led by the Reverend Marin Luther King.
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Copperheads
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Republican term for northerners opposed to the Civil War; it derived from the name of a poisonous snake.
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Containment
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General U.S. strategy in the Cold War that called for containing Soviet expansion; originally devised by U.S. dipolomat George Kennan.
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Cotton Gin
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Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, the machine separated cotton seeds from cotton fiber, speeding cotton processing and making profitable the cultivation of the more hardy, led to the dramatic nineteenth century expansion of slavery in the South.
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King George
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Leader of England during the American revolutionary war and was blamed for the loss of the 13 colonies.
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John Adams
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America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained." Lawyer who defended British soldiers in the Boston Massacre trial.
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Thomas Paine
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Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man
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Thomas Jefferson
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He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.
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Greenville Acts
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Britain was facing serious debt issues, and was in danger of a destabilized economy. These were a series of acts designed to tax the colonies, which included the Stamp Act (1765), Quartering Act (1765), currency act (1764), Declatory Act (1766), and Revenue act (1764).
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Intolerable Acts
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In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses
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Proclomation of 1763
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Law created by British officials that prohibited colonists from settling in areas west of the Appalachian Mountains
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Battle of Saratoga
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Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.
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Battle of Yorktown
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Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.
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Battle of Lexington and Concord
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The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green.
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Treaty of Paris
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Agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry
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The Federalist Papers
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Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists
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The Dawes Act
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Passed by Congress in 1887. Its purpose was to Americanize the Native Americans. The act broke up the reservations, gave some of the land to Native Americans. The government was to sell the remainder to white settlers and use the income from that sale for Native Americans to buy farm equipment. But by 1932 white settlers had taken 2/3 of reservation territory, and Native Americans received no money from the sale of the reservations.
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The Platt Ammendment
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Platt Amendment (1901) Amendment to Cuban constitution that reserved the United States' right to intervene in Cuban affairs and forced newly independent Cuba to host American naval bases on the island.
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Yellow Journalism
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Sensationalism in newspaper publishing that reached a peak in the circulation between Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst in 1890. Each newspaper's accounts events in Havana harbor in 1898 that led to the Spanish-American War.
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Roe v. Wade (1973)
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Abortion rights fall within the privacy implied in the 14th amendment Paleolithic Peoples
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These people were characterized by primitive tools, a nomadic lifestyle, and use of fire.
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Neolithic Age
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The age of the first civilizations, technological innovations, fire, tools, cave paintings (religious and decorative), domesticated animals, agricultural.
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Sumerians in Mesopotamia
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First group to build a civilization. Developed system of writing.
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Egypt
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Stable due to Nile.
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Assyrian and Persian Empires
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The most powerful of the time.
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Egypt E
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Used Floodwaters for farming.
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Phoenicia E
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Trading empire by the sea.
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Mesopotamia E
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Created irrigation and flood control systems.
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Assyria C
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Used empire-wid communication system.
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Mesopotamia C
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Had temples and houses for religious leaders.
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Palestine C
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Adhered to sacred law to maintain separateness.
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Assyria CD
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Acquired iron making from the Hittites.
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Persia CD
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Acquired architecture from the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Egyptians.
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Egypt CD
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Acquired bronze making from the Hyssops.
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Mesopotamia I
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Invented the arch, dome, wheel, and system of writing.
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Phoenicia I
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Invented the alphabet.
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Persia I
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Created a standing army.
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Buddhism
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Life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth (India).
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Hinduism
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A body of religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation, a supreme being of many forms and natures, and by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth (India).
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Siddhartha Gautama
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The founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha (India).
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Asoka
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The grandson of Chandragupta who also was a leader of the Mauryan Empire. He converted to Buddhism from Hinduism and tolerated other religions other then Buddhism when he was the leader. He is the most honored leader of the Mauryan Empire and controlled a very successful civilization (India).
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Chandragupta II
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Encouraged aesthetic traditions, and started the Golden Age - advances in art, literature, medicine, math, and science (India).
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India I
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Creator of the iron plow, caste system, zero, decimal system.
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Mahabharata
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A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature.
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Ramayana
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One of two classical Hindu epics telling of the banishment of Rama from his kingdom and the abduction of his wife by a demon and Rama's restoration to the throne, written in Sanskrit.
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Vedas
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Sacred texts in the Hindu religion, they are a set of four collections of hymns and religious ceremonies transmitted by memory through the centuries by Aryan priests.
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Confucianism
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The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by a Chinese man, and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.
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Laozi
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The "Old Master" who encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature; he founded Taoism (Daoism)
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Daoism
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The belief that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. Accepting the world as you find it, avoiding futile struggles, and deviating as little as possible from the 'path' of nature (China).
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Legalism
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The philosophy that humans are naturally evil and therefore need to be ruled by harsh laws (China).
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Qin Shihuangdi
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The first emperor of the Qin Dynasty who believed strongly in Legalism and sought to strengthen the centralized China through public works.
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China I
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Bronze casting, crossbow, paper, iron plowshare, silk.
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Analects
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A record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples.
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Tao Te Ching
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Taoism's main document supposedly written by Lao Tzu in three days; talks about the Tao itself and the power or fulfillment that results from living in harmony with it.
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Athens and Sparta
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The most powerful Greek city-states.
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Greek Military
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Defeated the Persian army.
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Classical Age
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The success of the arts, theater, and architecture from Greece.
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Minoans
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Located in Crete, affected by tidal waves, ruled by a king, and was a sea trading empire.
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Mycenaens
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Located in Peloponnesus, affected by earthquakes, Indo-European pottery-makers, ruled by monarchies in loose alliance.
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Spartans
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Located in Peloponnesus, affected by farming, were Greek-speaking invaders, did not trade, were a military state/oligarchy.
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Athenians
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Located in Attica, affected by the lack of fertile land, were Greek-speaking invaders, traded pottery, were an oligarchy/direct democracy.
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Minoans C
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Invaded by Mycenaeans.
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Mycenaeans C
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Conquered by Minoans. Fell to Greek-speaking invaders.
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Spartans C
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Conquered other Greeks, fought Athenians. Fought Persians, and Macedonians.
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Athenians C
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Fought Spartans. Fought Persians and Macedonians.
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The Second Punic War
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Where the Romans conquered Hannibal.
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What happened when the last Etruscan king was overthrown, Hannibal was defeated, and Augustus became the first emperor of Rome?
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The beginning of the Roman Empire
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Constantine
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The Roman emperor who gave official tolerance to Christianity.
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What happened when the Germanic tribes defeated Rome?
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The fall of Rome.
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When Rome defeated Carthage and took Sicily
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It caused Hannibal to bring the Second Punic War to Italy, defeating the Romans at Cannae.
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When Marius recruited armies by promising them land. He required an oath of loyalty to him.
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It cause the Roman army to no longer be under the government's control; military power rested in the hands of the individual generals.
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When Sulla used his army to seize governmental power.
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It caused Sulla to restore power to the government with a strong Senate, but his actions set the precedent for military coups.
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When Julius Ceasar filled the Senate with his own supporters.
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The power of the Senate was weakened. Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 B.C.
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When economic and social policies of Diocletian and Constantine were based on control and coercion.
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Then the policies of these tow emperors contributed to the empire's eventual collapse.
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Muhammad and his followers.
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Spread the beliefs of Islam.
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The Arab Empire at its peak.
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From Spain eastward to France.
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The split of the Islamic empire.
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In the seventh century, into the Shiite and the Sunni.
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Islam I
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Irrigation; astrolabe; algebra; large-scale paper.
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Islam M
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Trade routes; Arab expansion into Africa, Asia, and Europe; Arab center from Makkah to Baghdad to Cairo.
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Islam CD
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Bureaucracy relied on non-Arabs; Arabs translated Greek philosophers.
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Ibn Sina
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Wrote a medical textbook that was the standard for medieval Europe.
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Ghananian gold.
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Traded for salt from the Sahara.
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Muslim cotton, silk and Chinese porcelain.
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Traded to East Africans.
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Ivory and Gold
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The items traded from inland Africa to East Africa.
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Imports of Axum
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Cotton cloth, brass, copper, and olive oil.
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The greatest trading society of West Africa
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The Kingdom of Mali (which took the place of Ghana), which became rich from salt and gold.
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East Africa
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The new home of Bantu people.
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People of Arab merchants
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East African costal home.
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Islamic Scholars
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Moved to Timbuktu.
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The conqueror of the Egyptians.
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The Kushites.
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The ultimate controlor of Axum trade.
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Muslim merchants.
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The armies occupied Songahi's gold-trading centers.
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What did the Moroccan armies occupy?
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Sui Dynasty
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China was unified under Sui Dynasty. China
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Song Dynasty
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China's economy and people grew spectacularly in the Song Dynasty. China
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Tan Dynasty
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Successful diplomatic reltionships and expansion during the Tang Dynasty. China
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Yamato Clan
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Gained control of the nation over other rival clans around 400 CE. Established an imperial court similar to that of China in 700 CE. Japan
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Fujiwara Clan
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They were a powerful family of regents in Japan that monopolized the regent positions. They dominated the government of Japan 794-1160. There is no clear starting point of their dominance. However, their domination of civil administration was lost by the establishment of the first shogunate. Japan
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Kamakura Shogunate
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The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). Japan
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Ashikaga Family
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1136 the Ashikaga family took control of the Shogunate, could not keep control of Japan and nation broke into warring nations Japan
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Koryo Dynasty
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Replaced the Silla Dynasty in Korea capital was Songak metal type print led to mass productionn of books also produced celadon.
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Yi Dynasty
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Korean Dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; resotred aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence.
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Mahmud
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Turkish sultan whose armies invaded India about 1000.
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Timu Lenk
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seized power in 1396 and immediately launched program of conquest. placed entire region east of caspian sea under his authority and then occupied mesopotamia. India
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Jayavarman
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unitied the Khmer people and established a capital at Angkor Thom.
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What type of rulers are in Thailand and Burma?
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Emperors.
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What type of rulers are in Malasian?
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Overlords.
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What three major elements formed the new European civilzation (400-1300 A.D.)?
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The Germanic tribes, the Roman legacy, and the Christian church.
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What led to the formation of feudalism?
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The formation of feudalism was caused by the collapse of a central authority in the Carolingian Empire.
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When did the European monarchs begin to build strong states?
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In the 1100s the European monarchs began to build these.
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