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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Five levels of organization: |
protoplasmic grade celllular grade cell-tissue tissue-organ organ-system level |
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protoplasmic grade |
simplest. unicellular organisms (paramecium) all functions done by organelles w/in cell all individual cells are alike |
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Cellular grade |
groups of cells are functionally differentiated e.g. protozoa, sponges |
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Cell-tissue grade |
similar cells aggregate into distinct tissues eg. cnidarians (e.g. jellyfishes) |
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tissue-organ grade |
aggregations of tissues into organs eg. flatworms |
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organs: |
structures consisting of one or more tissue type; have specialized functions |
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organ-system grade |
most complex systems of organs work together to perform function e.g. circulatory system, digestive system. most animal phyla have this |
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Tissues: |
aggregation of cells that perform a common function. |
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histology: |
study of tissues |
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4 types of tissues |
epithelial connective muscular nervous |
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epithelial tissue: |
sheets of cells that cover an external or internal surface. protection, lines organs of body cavity, secretion (mucus, hormones), absorption (nutrients in digestive tract) |
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simple epithelium |
1 cell layer |
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stratified epithelium |
multiple cell layers |
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simple squamous epithelium: |
flattened cells, materials diffuse through readily (lungs, capillaries) |
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cuboidal: |
short, boxlike, specialized for secretion; e.g., lines small ducts in kidney, salivary and other grands |
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columnar: |
tall cellls with elongated nuclei, absorptive surfaces. e.g. intestinal tract |
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stratified squamous: |
cells adapted to withstand mild abrasion, basal layers constantly dividing to replace sloughed off cells |
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transitional epithelium: |
specialized to accommodate great stretching; e.g., urinary tract and bladder |
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connective tissues: |
diverse group of tissues with various binding and supportive functio`ns |
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loose connective tissue (areolar tissue); |
"packing material" of body, anchors blood vessels and organs, composed of fibers and other cells in a syrupy ground substance |
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adipose tissue (fat) connective |
mostly yellow fat, some mammals have mitochondria-rich brown fat between shoulder blades to generate extra heat |
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dense (or fibrous) connective |
packed fibers, tendons and ligaments. very strong tissue |
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Blood, lymph, tissue fluid (connective) |
distinctive cells in a fluid ground substance, plasma, collectively called vascular tissue |
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cacrtilage (connective) |
chondrocytes packed in firm gel matrix, lacks blood supply, cannot repair itself (external ears, nose, padding between bones) |
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bone: |
strongest of connective tissues, mineralized collagen fiber, can repair itself |
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muscular tissue: |
composed of elongated fibers specialized for contraction (3 types) |
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smooth muscle: |
cells with tapered ends. no striations. involuntary (contractions controlled by nervous system). e.g. sheets of muscle lining blood vessels, respiratory passages, urinary ducts, peristaltic contractions of digestive tract |
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skeletal muscle: |
striated (light and dark bands), extremely long, cylindrical, multinucleated fibers, voluntary, each fiber a single cell with many nuclei formed from fusion of different cells (e.g., arms, legs) |
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cardiac muscle: |
found only in heart, also striated. shorter than skeletal muscle and have only 1 nucleus. branching network of fibers. involuntary |
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nervous tissue: |
receives stimuli and conducts impulses from one region to another |
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neurons: |
basic functional cell type, may attach to muscle or to another neuron |
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glial cells: |
insulate neurons and provide various support functions |
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integument: |
outer protective covering of animal; skin and all the structures that derive from skin. protects against puncture, infection, fluid loss or gain, ultraviolet radiation temp reg. sensory. camouflage olfactory cues |
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hydrostatic skeleton |
no rigid skeleton, body shape maintained by internal fluid pressure |
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exoskeleton; |
rigid external skeleton; molluses (calcium carbonate and protein) and arthropods (chitin and protein); muscles attach to skeleton |
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endoskeleton: |
vertebrates, composed of bone and/or cartilage; muscles attach to skeleton |
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amoeboid movement: |
unicellular organisms, white blood cells; pseudopodia ('false feet') extrude cytoplasm |
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cilia: |
minute hair-like structures that extend from cell surface; propel unicellular organisms |
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flagella: |
whiplike structures; range from one to many located on cell ends |
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movement via muscle fibres: |
vertebrates & invertebrates; muscles can only contract or relax; movement occurs via combinations and placements of muscles in the body. requires a lot of energy (ATP) 1) uses up available ATP 2) creatine phosphate converts ADP to ATP 3) glycogen (poly versions of glucose mols) undergo glycolysis to yield more ATP |