Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Who established the first psychology lab, and in what year, as well as where |
Wilhelm Wundt, 1879, in austria, germany. |
|
define "standard deviation" |
Average amount each result of a test differs from the mean. E(R-M) |
|
Who is the "founder" of experimental psychology |
Gustav Fechner |
|
***Describe the 5 major "paradigms" of psychology |
behaviourism, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, biological |
|
briefly Describe humanistic |
Optomistic views of human nature, believes in "self actualization" |
|
Describe behaviourism |
Study of human behavior and the effects the our environment has on it |
|
Describe Biological psychology |
The study of the brain and neural pathways; the biological aspects of psychology |
|
Describe cognitive psychology |
Focuses on thought processes, emphasizes function over content |
|
Describe psychodynamic |
Pioneered by freud, claims all actions are guided by unconscious desires or feelings. Focuses almost entirely on the unconscious mind |
|
What are the core principles of Psychology in respect to it's status as a science |
The universe acts according to natural laws, These laws are discoverable and testable
|
|
Describe the scientific method
|
The scientific method beings with an observation, which is developed into a testable hypothesis, which is tested, and from which we can draw conclusions that can in turn refute or support the hypothesis
|
|
How would you define a "theory"
|
An organized system of assumptions and principles
|
|
What is psychologies scientific goals
|
To describe, predict, explain and control objects of study
|
|
in what way is psychology sometimes more complicated than other sciences
|
In psychology there is always a shifting human factor, which complicates the investigation of mental processes and behavious
|
|
Define "empirical"
|
Empirical indicates something is scientifically testable
|
|
what are principles of ethical research
|
-Informed consent must be obtained -the utmost must be done to protect participants from discomfort and harm, and protect confidentiality, -Participation must be voluntary One can NOT use deception or incomplete disclosure UNLESS the REB is convinced the benefits outweigh the cost -complete debriefing must be completed |
|
What is a variable
|
Anything that can take on more than one condition
|
|
What does "operational Definition" mean
|
variables in a hypothesis must be precisely defined.
|
|
What are the two variables, give a brief description
|
Independant; the variable being altered/manipulated Dependant; the variable that is measured, and is influenced by independent variable |
|
What are confounding variables, name some |
Variables outside the control of the researcher(s) |
|
what is it called when a small example of a given population is taken for the purpose of research
|
a "sample"
|
|
How do we ensure a fair sample
|
random selection
|
|
Name the 4 descriptive research methods
|
Naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys and psychological tests
|
|
describe a case study and provide it's Pro's and cons
|
Study of a single person Pro: Determines if specific treatments/therapies work well for this individual Con: Often subject to Bias, can only be applied to a single individua, results are not relevant to others |
|
describe a naturalistic observation and provide it's Pro's and cons
|
observation of human behaviour in it's natural habitat Pro: Least obtrusive way of study, can observe the most natural results Con: Still subject to researcher Bias, very time consuming |
|
describe a survey and provide it's Pro's and cons
|
unobserved, client given responses, used both in person and at a distance. Pro: Avoids observation biases, relatively inexpensive and quick Con: Suffers from participant Bias, wherein the participant may choose answers they think the researchers want, does not show direction of relationships (Causality) - only that there is a connection |
|
describe a psychological test
|
Assesment requiring a response from which we can gain insight into the client. Ex: Rorchach test. |
|
describe "demand characteristic" and how it is avoided in experiments
|
demand characteristic is when the subject is aware of the hypothesis and changes their behaviour as a result. This is prevented by performing double blind tests in which neither the participant nor the experimenter are aware of the hypothesis, only of what is being asked of them.
|
|
in an experiment how can we ensure both the test group and the control group are fair
|
Random assignment is the most common method
|
|
How do you represent the correlation coefficient
|
R = +/- 1.00
|
|
If there is a positive correlation between two variables, what does that mean
|
If one variable is controlled in a positive way, the responding variable will also increase
|
|
What is a negative correlation
|
When the independent variable is increased, the dependant decreases. This is still a correlation, but in a negative sense
|
|
True of false: correlation = causality
|
false, we are only aware that there IS a connection, not that one variable necessarily provokes the change in the other
|
|
What is the "mean"
|
the statistical average of all the results of an experiment
|
|
How can the standard deviation be applied
|
A result can be considered "1,2,3..." Standard deviations away from the mean, and it can be used along with other statistical techniques to determine of a experiment is "significant"
|
|
What test is used to determine of a result is significant
|
The Null Hypothesis Significance Test
|
|
What result on the NHST indicates a result is significant, and what does that result mean
|
a result of less than %5 or P < 0.05, meaning that if the experiment were conducted 100 times the given results would occur only 5 times by accident
|
|
Name the significant psychological movements of recent years |
Gestalt movement and structuralism. |
|
Describe the gestalt movement. |
Characterised by the belief that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; that is that we tend to impose structure on what we see |
|
Describe structuralism |
A study or analysis of the individual components of conscious experience |