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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is it to be conscious
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to be aware of external and internal stimuli
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how is consciousness measured
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through EEG
stage 1: theta waves: light sleep 2: thata waves: light sleep 3: slow wave sleep: deep sleep 4: delta waves: very deep 5 alpha and beta: REM |
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cycles of stages in sleep
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repeat 4-5 times
REM starts off slow and gets progressively longer |
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theories of sleep?
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energy conservation
protection against predators restores bodily resources *multipurposed |
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what are 5 sleep disorders
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insomnia: difficulty falling and remaing asleep
narcolepsy: sudden onsets of sleep sleep apnea: frequent gasping for air that wakes person up hypersonia: excessive sleepiness somnambulism: sleepwalking |
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theories of dreams? (names too)
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Freud: wish fufillment
cartwright: work through problems hobson: activation synthesis |
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what is hypnosis? what is ts characteristics?
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roleplaying: people pretend to be in another state
altered state of conciousness: split mental into the processes (devided conciousness |
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meditation
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train to heighten awareness, alpha and theta waves increase
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what are the 2 types of drug dependance
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physical: take drug to avoid withdrawal illness
psychological: take drug to satisfy mental and emotional craving all drugs increase DA activity |
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narcotics: effects, med usage
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euphoria and relaxation.
opiate family ex. morphine, heroin |
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sedatives: effects, med usage
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sleep inducing drugs
barbituates effects: euphoria, relaxation |
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stimulants:effects, med usage
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drugs that increase central nervous system activation and behavioral activity
ex. cocaine, caffeine |
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Clasical conditioning?
- components - pavlov - acquisition |
type of learning in which stimulus evokes response that originally evoked by another
US --> UR CS --> CR short delayed presentation is best |
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what is operant conditioning?
- shaping |
response is followed by reinforcement or punishment
shaping is full change over time. Skinner train animals |
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what are the schedule of reinforcemtents
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Fixed ratio
variable ratio fixed interval variable interval |
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latent learning?
rescoria tolman |
learning that isn't apparent from behavior when it occurs
tolman and rat maze with 10th time reward rescoria= rats getting shocked |
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higher order conditoning?
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CS functions as a UCS
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major factors of encoding
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attention
levels of processing: stuctural phonetic semantic elaboration- linking stimulus to something else visual imagery dual coding theory |
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types of memory
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sensory= .25 seconds, large capacity
short term/working= 10-20 sec. capacity 7 +/- 2 long term: unlimited, indefinete duration, flashbulb memories declarative= explicit info procedural: action, skill, implicit |
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how are shemas used to organize info?
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organized cluster of knowledge about an object
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anterograde vs retrograde amnesia
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antereograde: cant remember after surgery
retrograde: can't remember before the surgery |
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who is HM and why is he important?
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had severy epilepsy and after surgery his long term memory was ruined
had antero amnesia medial temporal lobe was affected |
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forgetting:
how do we measure it? why do people forget? |
recall
recognigiton relearning encoding specificity principle |
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cephalocaudal
proximodistal |
cephalocaudal: head to foot direction of motor development
proximodistal: center-outward direction of motor development |
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emotional development
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2-3 months: smile + laugh
7 months: fear + stranger anxiety |
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attachment styles
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secure: play, upset when leaves, happy when returns
resistant: upset even when she returns avoidant: aren't stressed when mom leaves/returns |
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jean piaget cognitive theory
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sensory motor- lack of object permanence
preoperational- concrete irrevesibility, egocentrism, lack of conservation concrete operationa: masters conservation foraml operational: mental abstract ideas |
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kygotsky socialcultural theory
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social interaction is important
influence cognitive development abilities language is important |
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kohlbergs stage theory
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moral development theory
preconventional- actos of authority conventional- determine what is right and wrong postconventional- based on societies justice system |
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mischel and buss views of personality
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mischel: no, personality is based on the situation
buss: yes, adaptive, crucial for attracting mates |
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the big 5
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Openness
Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
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Frued and personality
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sturcture divided into:
ID: instinct Ego: decision making Superego: moral |
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Freud defense mechanisms
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repression
regression projection displacement sublimiation |
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adler and personality
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superiority is primary motivation
inferiority complex |
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erik erikson and personality
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8 stage theory, psychosocial, personality develops and changes over time
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humanistic and personality (maslow)
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hierarchy of needs: physiological, survival, affillation, achievement, knowledge, order, realization.
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humanistic and personality (carl rogers and self person centered theory)
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everyone has a subjective selfconcept
if self doesnt equal reality it is an incongruence and causes stress |
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behaviorism: skinner and bandura
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skinner: focused on observable theory
bandura: observational learning, emphasized self efficacy |
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biological: hans eysenck
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Psychoticism
Extraversion Neuroticism |
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criteria for abnormal behavior
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devieance, dysfunction, distress
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DSM-IV-TR and 5 axes
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apa published diagnostic manual
I: clinical syndromes II: more permanent discases III: physical problems IV: environmental issues V: 1-100 |
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anxiety disorders
subtypes: - symptoms, features, etiology |
generalized anxiety
phobic panic ocd post traumatic associative features: 2/3 females |
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somatoform disorders
subtypes: - symptoms, features, etiology |
body issues due to psyhological factors
somatization: diverse physical complaint conversion: loss of function in organ hypochondriasis: preoccupation of getting sick |
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dissociative disorders
subtypes: - symptoms, features, etiology |
separation of conciousness and memory
dissociative amnesia: sudden loss of memory extensive personal info dissociative fugue: lose memory of entire live and sense of identity identity disorder: coexistence of one person/multiple personalities |
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mood disorders
subtypes: - symptoms, features, etiology |
major depressive disorders: sadness, weight loss, faigue
bipolar disorder: manic depressive disorder, euphoria features: depression: more females bipolar: no diff |
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schizophrenia
subtypes: - symptoms, features, etiology |
delusions, hallucination, disorganized speech(positive)
flattening, alogia, avolition (negative) - paranoid - catatonic: disturbed stupor + excite - disorganized - Undifferentiated |
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stemberg vs hatfield and berscheid
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hatfield and bersheld: two types of love: passionate and companionate
stemberg: love has 3 facets: pasionate, companionate (intimacy, commitment) |
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attributions: types and biases
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inferences that people draw about causes of events
internal: personal disposition external: external cause |
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fundamental attribution error:
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observer bias in favor of internal
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self-serving bias
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attribute ones succes to internal and failure to external
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confirmation bias
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tendency to look for examples that support our POV
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illusory correlation:
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people estimate they've encountered mor confirmations of an association of social traits than theyve actually seen
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percieved outgroup homogeneity
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we have tendency to see those outside of our group as being more simlar to each other shile we notice differences with in our group
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cognative schemas:
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cluster of ideas:
stereotypes prejudice discrimination |
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what factors plya role in forming impressions
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physical appearance: talle, normal weight, good posture, well dressed, good eye contact
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factors with increasing love
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physical attractiveness
simularity (age, race, religion, education) reciprocity effect- you like me i liky you |
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is romantic love necesary
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pasionate love = western countires
triangle of ( intimacy, passion, commitment) |
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persuasion:
festinger central v peripheral insights |
credibilty, trustworthyness, likabilkty
message: two sided argument reciever: initial attitude festinger: dissonancer theory cog. dissonance leads to attitude change - contradicting leads to uncomfort --> change in attitude 1$ vs 20$ experiment |
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elaboration likelihood model
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two routes to persuation
central: people pnder about message (more durable) peripheral: depends on nonmessage factors |
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what is an attitude why is it helpful
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positive or negative evaluations of abjects of thought
3 components: cognitive, affective, behavioral formed through learning |
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conformity and asch
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people yield to real or imagined social pressure
asch: had different sized lines and you had to pick the right one... 37% conformed groupsize and group unanimity = important |
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obedience and milgram
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people follow direct commands from someone in authority
mulgram: electric box experiment, 26/40 administered 30 levels of shock |
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zimbardo's stanford prison simulation
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24 students separated into guards and prisoners
prisoners were taunted and humiliated social roles are shared expectations of how people are supposed to behave behavior due to power of situational factors |
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bystander effect
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people less likely to provide help when in a group setting vs. alone
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social loafing
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reduction in effect when working in groups vs compared to vorking alone
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group think
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group discussion stengthens dominant poin of view and produces shift towards something more extreme
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group polarization
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members emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking
mindguard, direct pressure, group cohesiveness |
