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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the types of motivational theories? (3) |
Drive theories Incentive theories Evolutionary theories |
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Drive theories apply the concepts of? |
Homeostasis (equilibrium) |
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What is a drive? |
Internal state of tension that motivates an individual to engage in an activity that reduces it (disrupts equilibrium) |
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Can the drive theories describe all motivation? (Examples?) |
No, for example, the "thirst for knowledge", or eating ice cream when you're full |
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What do incentive theories explain? What is an incentive? |
The source of motivation lies outside the organism (in the environment). An incentive is an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior |
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Expectancy-value model |
One's motivation depends on: - expectancy: chance of obtaining incentive - value: value of incentive |
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Drive vs Incentive (push pull) |
Drive: pushes you to certain directions Incentive: pulls people in certain directions |
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For evolutionary theories of motive, what were motives for reproductive advantages? (3) |
Dominance, achievement, intimacy |
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What is affiliation motive? |
The need for belongingness |
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Do stomach contractions cause hunger? |
No, but they often accompany hunger |
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What part of the brain controls hunger? What are the on and off switches? |
Hypothalamus - lateral(ON) and ventromedial(OFF) hypothalamus (LH + VMH) (NOT THE KEY ELEMENTS) |
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What 2 nuclei play a bigger role in the modulation of hunger? |
Paraventricular and arcuate (incoming hunger signals) nucleus |
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What do contemporary theories focus more on? |
Neural circuits that pass through the areas of the hypothalamus |
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When blood glucose levels decreases, hunger...? What is this theory called? |
Increases Glucostatic theory |
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What hormone must be present in the blood after eating? For what? |
Insulin, so it could extract glucose from the blood |
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When insulin is secreted, hunger..? |
Increases |
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What else can stimulate the secretion of insulin? |
The sight/scent of food |
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What is ghrelin responsible for? |
Causes stomach contractions and promotes hunger |
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What does CCK do? |
Delivers signals to brain which reduces hunger after eating |
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What is palatability? |
The better the food tastes, the more of it people consume |
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What is the bin model? |
The more people are served, the more they eat |
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What is sensory specific satiety? |
As you eat a specific food, it's incentive value declines |
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Do people eat more or less when with others? |
People eat 44% more |
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What conditioning is part of what people usually eat? |
Classical conditioning |
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People have an innate taste preference for? |
Sweet High fat |
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What do evolutionists have to say about overeating? |
Warm blooded animals tended to consume more food than necessary because of the scarcity of food |
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Do all people who overeat become obese? |
No, it's all in the genetics if you gain weight or not after overeating |
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True or False: people who try to lose weight are often unsuccessful |
True |
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What are the causes of obesity? (6) |
Genetic predisposition Excessive eating+ inadequate exercise (think of Wall-E) Sensitivity to external cues - obese people are more sensitive to palatability Set point and settling point Dietary restraints Eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia) |
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What is a set point and a settling point for weight? |
Set point: natural point of stability in body weight (PERMANENT) Settling point: weight drifts around a level at which many factors achieve equilibrium (settling point drifts down after long-term changes) (LESS PERMANENT) |
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How did Masters and Johnson monitor bodily changes in volunteers engaging in sexual activity? |
Used physiological recording devices |
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4 stages of sexual response cycle |
Excitement phase (muscle tension, respiration rate increases) - vasocongestion: hardening Plateau phase: arousal builds at slower rate Orgasm phase: peak - women are multiorgasmic but experience it less Resolution phase: physiological changes subside - refractory period for men |
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What is the parental investment theory for evolution of sexual behavior? |
Species mating patterns depend on what each sex has to invest to produce and nurture offspring - smaller investment compete for bigger investment |
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Men place emphasis on women characteristics such as? And women place emphasis on men characteristics such as? |
Men: youth and attractiveness Women: intelligence, income |
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Why is there a gender disparity in sexual motivation? |
Because of cultures who suppress female sexuality |
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Are there any correlations between the availability of porn and sex crimes? |
No - as porn increased, reported rapes decreased |
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Who are most rapes committed by? |
Someone the victim knows |
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What is a biological theory of sexuality? |
Homosexual and heterosexual people have a hormonal difference - effects of prenatal hormones on neurological development |
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What is affiliation motive? |
The need to associate with others and maintain social bond |
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What is the belongingness hypothesis? Evolutionary basis? |
Need to have, form and maintain meaningful relationships - evolutionary basis is strong because it offers hosts of survival and reproduction benefits |
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What is ostracism? How does it affect the brain? |
Being ignored and excluded by others in social environment - increased activity in part of brain associated with feeling physical pain |
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What is the achievement motive? |
Need to master difficult challenges to outperform and meet high standards of excellence |
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What's the TAT? |
Thematic Apperception Test - reveals many personal motives and traits through ambiguous questions |
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What are the characteristics of people who score high in the need for achievement? (4) |
Work harder Handle negative criticism better Select tasks of intermediate difficulty Delay gratification |
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What are the situational determinants of achievement behavior? (2) what is the relationship between the 2? |
Probability of success Incentive value of success - interdependent (as probability increases, incentive value decreases) |
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What are the 2 dictionaries that provide emotional ratings for the words we use? |
ANEW and DAL |
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What is affective forecasting? Is it accurate? |
The efforts to predict one's emotional reactions to future events - no because people don't predict the intensity and duration of the reactions accurately |
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What is physiological arousal caused by in emotions? |
ANS (fight or flight) |
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What is a GSR? |
Galvanic Skin Response - used for polygraphs - monitors when sweat glands increase in activity |
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Polygraph tests (lie detectors) are more like? |
Emotion detectors |
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What are the problems with polygraphs? (Innocent and guilty) |
Innocent people might experience arousal while questioned Guilty people can lie without experiencing anxiety |
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What is affective neuroscience? |
The examination of the neurobiology of emotions |
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What parts of the brain are seats of emotion? (3) |
Hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic system (adjacent structures) |
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What part of the brain plays a role in acquisition of fear? What are the 2 pathways? |
Amygdala (also plays roles in positive emotions) - fast pathway: to the nearby amygdala - slow pathway: areas of cortex |
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What part of the brain is responsible for pain-related emotions? |
Cingulate cortex |
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What are the 7 primary emotions (Ekman) |
Joy Fear Anger Disgust Sadness Surprise Contempt |
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What is the facial feedback hypothesis (theory) for emotions? |
Facial signals sends signals to the brain and help recognize emotion (pen in mouth experiment) |
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What is emotional efference in emotions? |
Change in facial expressions change the temperature of blood going to the brain, resulting in distinct emotion |
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Could facial expressions be innate? |
Yes, blind people frown even when they haven't actually seen someone do so |
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What are display rules in emotion? |
Norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions |
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James-Lange Theory of Emotion |
Emotions result from autonomic arousal (I'm scared because I'm trembling) |
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Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion |
Thalamus sends signals to cortex and ANS simultaneously (the dog makes me tremble and afraid) |
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Schachter's 2 Factor Theory of Emotion |
2 factors: autonomic arousal and cognitive interpretation of arousal - experience arousal, then look for reason behind it (I label my trembling as fear because I think the situation is dangerous) |
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True or False: evolutionists believe that thought was evolved before emotion |
False: emotions were evolved before thought (that part of the brain was the first to develop) |
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What are the fundamental emotions for evolutionary theorists? Why these? (5) |
Fear Joy Anger Surprise Disgust - because of their adaptive values) |
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Instrinsic vs Extrinsic Motivation |
Intrinsic: hobbies (pursuit for its own sake) Extrinsic: money, fame (external rewards) |
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What hormone decreases hunger? |
Leptin |
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Approach vs Avoidance goal |
Approach: getting what is wanted Avoidance: avoid unpleasant experiences |
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Factors that don't explain homosexuality? |
Absent father Smothering mother Same sex child play Role model |
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What is facial movement coding system? |
Detecting emotions in babies 3 components: forehead, eyes/nose/cheeks/, mouth |
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What is anthromorphism? |
Tendency to attribute human qualities to non human animals |
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What is anthropocentrism? |
Tendency to think that humans have nothing in common with other animals |
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What happens when someone offers you food that you've never seen before? (Does hunger increase or decrease?) |
Decreases |
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Does stress increase or decrease hunger? |
Increase |
