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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 themes of human development? |
Transition and continuity |
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Are children able to grasp some sort of understanding of things? |
Yes! Sometimes even better than adults. But they can also misunderstand even the simplest logic |
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Much of a child's Physical development is the result of? |
Predetermined physiological changes |
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When does conception occur? |
When fertilization creates a zygote |
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What is the prenatal period? |
Conception to birth (with 9 months of pregnancy) |
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What are the 3 phases of prenatal development? |
Germinal stage Embryonic stage Fetal stage |
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What occurs during the germinal stage of prenatal development? |
1st 2 weeks after conception Rapid cell division of zygote, which go to the uterine cavity and implants itself on the uterine wall - placenta also forms |
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What happens during the embryonic stage of prenatal development? |
2 weeks- 2 months Embryo forms (vital organs) along with physiological structures (Most miscarriages occur during this stage) |
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What happens during the fetal stage of prenatal development? (What is the age of viability?) |
2 months- birth Fetus becomes capable of movement, sex organs form in 3rd month Age of viability: age where baby can survive a premature birth (22-26 weeks) |
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What are teratogens? |
Any external agents that can harm an embryo/fetus |
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What are widely used drugs that pregnant women use? |
Tobacco, alcohol, recreational drugs |
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True or False: prescribed drugs are safe for fetus/embryo |
False: not all of them are. Depends on the stage, drug and dosage of the drug |
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What is fetal alcohol syndrome? What is a problem that comes along? |
When mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy Microcephaly: small head |
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How can AIDS be transmitted to the offspring? |
Breast feeding |
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How can the mental and physical health of the mother affect the offspring? |
During prenatal development, the illnesses are programmed and affect them decades later (ex. Malnutrition= schizophrenia) |
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What's a good way to avoid malnutrition for babies? |
Breastfeeding |
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What are basic motor skills? |
Grasping, crawling, walking |
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What are the 2 trends of motor development? |
Cephalocaudal trend: head to foot Proximodistal trend: centre outwards |
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Early progress in motor skills has attributed to? |
Maturation (gradual unfolding of genetic blueprint) |
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Are infants active or passive agents? |
Active |
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What are developmental norms? |
Median age where individuals display various behaviours+ abilities |
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True or False: children have all the same set of motor skills |
False: they acquire specialized motor skills unique to their culture |
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What is a longitudinal and cross sectional design? What are their advantages and disadvantages? |
Longitudinal: one group for a long time (ad: sensitive to developmental changes) Cross-Sectional: groups of differing ages at the same time (dis: cohort effects: difference in age groups is because of different generations) |
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When is temperament established by? |
2-3 months |
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What are the 3 types of temperament? |
Easy children (40%) Slow to warm up children (15%) Difficult children (10%) The remaining 35% are a mixture |
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What does a child's temperament say at the age of 3 months? |
Good indicator of temperament at 10 years old |
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Inhibited vs Uninhibited Temperament |
Inhibited: shyness (15-20%) Uninhibited: outgoing (25-30%) |
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Is temperament unchangeable since it's influenced by heredity? |
No |
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Who is the first person a child forms an important attachment with? Is it instantaneous? |
Mother, and no, develops until 6-8 months |
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What are the theories of attachment? (3) |
Harry Harlow (monkey) - attachment was fake Bowlby - biological basis for attachment Evolutionary - contributes to children's reproductive fitness |
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What did Mary Ainsworth say about attachment? |
Attachment emerges out of complex interplay - strange situation (8 reunion and separation events to assess attachment) |
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What are the 3 types of attachments? What's the newly added 4th? |
Secure: visibly upset at separation and quickly calmed at reunion (predominant in all cultures) Anxious ambivalent: anxious when Mom around, protest when leaves, not really comforted when return Avoidant: seek little contact and aren't distressed at separation *Disorganized-disoriented: confused as to if they should approach or avoid mom |
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According to Freud, when does an individual's basic foundation of personality laid out? |
At the age of 5 |
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What does Erikson say about personality? |
Early childhood affects future personality, but it continues to evolve throughout life span |
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What do stage theories assume? (3) |
Individuals must progress through stages in order Progress relates to age Development marked by major discontinuity (not gradual, rather dramatic transition) |
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What are the 8 stages of Erikson's Theory of psychosocial crisis? |
- Trust vs Mistrust (1 year) - Autonomy vs Doubt (2-3 year): parents must let them do things on their own - Initiative vs Guilt (4-6 year): let them be independent - Industry vs Inferiority (6- puberty): sense of competence - Identity vs Confusion - Intimacy vs Isolation - Generativity vs Self-absorption - Integrity vs Despair |
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What's wrong with Erikson's theory? |
Provide ideal and not typical patterns |
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What are the stages of Piaget's cognitive development? (4) |
- Sensorimotor (birth-2): sensory input with motor actions -- object permanence (18 months)
- Preoperational (2-7): better at mental image processing but can't understand conservation
- Concrete operational (7-11): master all things they couldn't in preoperational
- Formal operational (11 onwards): apply operations to abstract concepts -- become more systematic in problem solving |
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Assimilation vs Accomodation |
As: interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them Ac: changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences |
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What happens after Formal operational? |
Developments in thinking change in degree |
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Why can't preoperational children understand conservation? (3) |
Centration: focus on one aspect of the problem instead of all others
Irreversibility: can't envision reversing an action
Egocentrism: limited ability to share another's POV (animism: all things are living) |
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What criticism did Piaget receive? (2) |
Underestimate child's cognitive development Little to say about individual differences |
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What did Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory state? (Social and Culture) |
Cognitive development is fuelled by social interactions with people who can provide guidance Children acquire their culture's cognitive skills through dialogue (language) |
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What is the zone of proximal development? |
Gap between what a learner can accomplish on their own and what they can achieve with guidance (scaffolding helps) |
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Habituation vs Diahabituation |
Hab: gradual reduction of response when stimulus is presented repeatedly Dishab: new stimulus elicits an increase in the strength of response |
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What can infants do that wasn't really taught to them? (2) |
Understanding the basic properties of objects Subtracting small numbers |
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What do nativists and evolutionists say about cognitive abilities? |
Infants are prewired (nativist) during the process of natural selection (evolutionists) |
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What is a sensitive period? |
An optimal period of acquisition but doesn't obviate it at a later point (language can be learned whenever) |
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What is the theory of mind |
Development of children's understanding about the mind and mental stages and others' thoughts and beliefs (Most kids at age 4 don't know that people can lie) |
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What is mind blindness? |
Lack theory of mind (because of autism) |
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What are the stages of Kolberg's development of moral reasoning? (3) |
Preconventional stage: external authority (right= reward)
Conventional stage: rules for maintaining social order, want approval of others
Postconventional stage: personal code of ethics |
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What did Piaget think about moral development? |
That it depended on their cognitive development |
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What was wrong with Kolberg's theory?(3) |
Mixing in stages occur Mostly interpersonal conflicts and not social ones (empathy, guilt) Based primarily on male participants |
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Along with decreased hunger, what else is leptin responsible for? |
Growth spurt (rising levels of leptin) |
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What is pubescence? |
2 year span preceeding puberty When secondary sex characteristics develop |
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What is puberty? What is the situation regarding this today? |
Sexual functions reach maturity, begins adolescence Primary sex characteristics Today: adolescents are hitting puberty much earlier (improvements in medical care and nutrition) |
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True or False: early maturity in girls and late maturity in boys is good for transitioning into adolescence |
False: it's emotionally difficult for them |
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What happens with the grey and white matter in the brain of a teen? |
White: increases but slows down after puberty Grey: decreases (synaptic pruning) |
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Why do teens engage in risky behaviour? |
Because the prefrontal cortex isn't developed fully (it's the last place to fully develop) |
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What are Marcia's 4 identity statuses? |
Identity diffusion: apathy Identity foreclosure: premature commitment to values and roles Identity moratorium: delaying commitment to experiment with alternative ideologies Identity achievement: sense of self (22-26% reach this) |
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What is emerging adulthood? |
Subjective feeling that one is between adolescence and adulthood (Self focused time of life) |
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Is personality stable through adulthood? |
Could be or doesn't necessarily need to be |
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When does self esteem peak? |
Age 60 |
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What is the family life cycle? |
Sequence of stages that families tend to process through (a nuclear family) |
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What type of people cohabit? How are their divorce rates? |
People that are less traditional and more individualistic (weaker commitment to marriage) They have lower rates of divorce |
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True or False: husband's job still takes priority over women's |
True |
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How are marital satisfaction affected by Parenthood? |
Marital satisfaction decreases |
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What are boomerang children? |
Children that come back to parents after they left (empty nest) |
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What neural changes occur in old age? (3) |
Brain tissue and weight declines Less active neurons and shrinkage of neurons Dementia |
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True or False: dementia is part of the normal aging process |
False |
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What is Alzheimer's and how can you reduce it's vulnerability? |
Difficulty in retrieval phase Decrease vulnerability= cognitive activities |
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Fluid vs Crystallized Intelligence |
Fluid: basic info processing skills (declines with age) Crystallized: application of accumulated knowledge |
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What is the use it or lose it hypothesis? |
Older people who continue to work in mentally demanding jobs show smaller decrements in memory |
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What are the views of co-sleeping in various cultures? |
Incest avoidance (brother and sister) Autonomy ideal (own rooms) Female chastity anxiety (girls sleep with mom) |
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Does listening to Mozart (fetus) increase intelligence? |
Nope |
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What is the Apgar test? |
After baby is born, many things are checked to make sure the baby developed fine (colour, heart rate, reflexes) |
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How does a child's temperament affect attachment? |
Difficult children take longer to attach |
