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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the concept of personality is used to explain:
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the stability of a person's behavior over time and across situations (consistency) and the behavioral differences among people reacting to the same situation (distinctiveness)
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personality
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an individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits
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personality trait
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a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
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factor analysis
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correlations among many variables are analyzed to identify closely related clusters of variables
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five factor model of personality traits
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openness to experience
conscientiousness (constraint) extraversion (positve emotionality) agreeableness neuroticism (negative emotionality) |
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criticism of the big 5 model
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merely descriptive, doesn't give reasons why personalities turn out the way they do
too general/arbitrary, not enough room for human variation |
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4 different personality theory groups
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psychodymnamic perspectives, behavioral perspectives, humanistic, and biological
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psychodynamic theories
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include all the diverse theories descended from the work of SIgmund Freud, which focus on unconscious mental forces
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psychoanalytic theory
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attempts to explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focusing on the influence of early child hood experiences, on unconcious motives and conflicts, and on the methods people use to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges
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id
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the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle (COOKIE!!)
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pleasure principle
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which demands immediate gratification of its urges
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ego
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decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principe
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reality principle
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seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found
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superego
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the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong
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defense mechanism
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largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt
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rationalization
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creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior
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repression
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keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
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projection
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attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another
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displacement
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diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a subsitute target
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reaction formation
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is behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings
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regression
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reversion to immature patterns of behavior
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identification
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bolstering self-esteem by forming a nimaginary or real alliance with some person or group
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fixation
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failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected
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personal unconscious
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houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been represses or forgotten
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collective unconscious
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storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past
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archetypes
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emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning
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Jung
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analytical psychology, like Freud but thought the unconscious had a personal and collective part
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Adler
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individual psychology: striving for superiority not sexual tensions creates motivations
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compensation
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involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities
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behaviorism
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theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
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Bandura
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behaviorist who disagreed with Skinner's pure behaviorism. advocated reciprocal determinism
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reciprocal determinism
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the idea that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence one another
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self-efficacy
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refers to one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes
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criticism of behavioral perspectives
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overdependence on animal research
dehumanizing nature of radical behaviorism fragmentation of personality |
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phenomenological approach
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which asssumes that one has to appreciate individuals' personal, subjective experienceds to truly understand their behavior
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self-concept
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collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior
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incongruence
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the degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience
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hierarchy of needs
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maslow--a systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused
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need for self-actualization
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the need to fulfill one's potential; it is the highest need in maslow's moitivational hierarchy
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self-actualizing persons
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people with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth
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criticisms of humanistic model
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poor testability
unrealistic view of human nature inadequate evidence |
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eysenck's theory
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3 trait: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism
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sensation seeking
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generalized preference for high or low levels of sensory stimulation
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self-monitoring
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refers to the degree to which people attend to and control the impression they make on others in social interactions
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