Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Founder of Psychology
|
Wilhelm Wundt
|
|
Behaviorist
|
emphasize the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology
|
|
Humanistic Psychology
|
emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love & acceptance
|
|
Psychology
|
the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings)
|
|
APA
|
American Psychological Association
|
|
3 Main Levels of Human Analysis
|
Biological Influence
Social-cultural influences Psychological Influences |
|
Neuroscience perspective
|
focuses on how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
|
|
Evolutionary perspective
|
focuses on how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes
|
|
Behavior Genetics perspective
|
focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
|
|
Psychodynamic perspective
|
focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
|
|
Behavioral perspective
|
focuses on how we learn observable processes
|
|
Cognitive perspective
|
focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
|
|
Social-cultural perspective
|
focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situation and culture
|
|
Biological Psychologist
|
a person who explores the links between the brain and the mind (research)
|
|
Developmental Psychologist
|
a person who studies changing abilities from womb to tomb (research)
|
|
Cognitive Psychologist
|
a person who studies how we perceive, think, and solve problems (research)
|
|
Personality Psychologist
|
a person who investigates our persistent traits (research)
|
|
Social Psychologist
|
a person who explores how we view and affect one another (research)
|
|
Clinical Psychologist
|
a person who studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders (applied)
|
|
Counseling Psychologist
|
a person who helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges (applied)
|
|
Educational Psychologist
|
a person who studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings (applied)
|
|
Industrial/Organization Psychologist
|
a person who studies and advises on behavior in the work place (applied)
|
|
Hindsight Bias
|
"I-knew-it-all-along!" phenomenon; people believe they could predict the outcome AFTER it came to pass
|
|
Over Confidence
|
thinking we know more than we actually know
|
|
Scientific Attitude
|
curiosity-passion for exploration
skepticism-doubting and questioning humility-ability to accept responsibility when wrong |
|
Critical thinking
|
1. doesn't accept blind arguments
2. examines assumptions 3. discerns hidden values 4. evaluates evidence 5. assesses conclusions |
|
Theory
|
an explanation that integrates principle and organizes and predicts behavior or evidence (opinion)
|
|
Hypothesis
|
a testable prediction
|
|
4 steps to experiment
|
1. theory
2. hypothesis 3. research/observation 4. test/retest |
|
4 Methods of Study
|
Case study
survey naturalistic observation (correlation) |
|
case study
|
a method where one person is studied in depth to reveal underlying behavioral prinicples
|
|
survey
|
self-reported attitudes, opinions or behaviors of people usually done by questioning a representative, random sample of people
|
|
random sampling
|
each member of a populations has an equal chance of inclusion into a sample
|
|
naturalistic observation
|
observing/recording the behavior of animals in the wild
|
|
correlation
|
when one trait or behavior accompanies another
|
|
correlation coefficient
|
statistical measure of relationship
|
|
Causation
|
Correlation does not mean ______
|
|
illusory correlation
|
the perception of a relationship where no relationship actually exists
|
|
Experimentation
|
the only method that can produce cause & effect
|
|
double blind procedure
|
patients and assistants remain unaware of who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group by RANDOM ASSIGNMENT
|
|
independent variable
|
the factor that is manipulated
|
|
dependent variable
|
the factor that may or may not change in response to the independent variable
|
|
mode
|
most frequently occurring score in a distribution
|
|
mean
|
the average score in a a distribution
|
|
median
|
the middle score
|
|
range
|
difference between high and low in a distribution
|
|
social psychology
|
studies how we (1) think about, (2) influence, (3) relate to one another
|
|
Social thinking
|
involves thinking about others
|
|
attribution theory
|
we have a tendency to give casual explanations for someone's behavior (dispositional or situational)
|
|
how we react to it.
|
how we explain someone's behavior affects...
|
|
attitudes
|
a beliefe and feeling that predisposes a person to respond in a particular way to objects or events
|
|
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
|
people who comply to a small request will comply to a larger request later
|
|
cognitive dissonance
|
when our attitudes and actions are opposed, we experience tension between our real self and our ideal self.
|
|
Social Influence
|
study of attitudes, beliefs, decisions, and action and the way we are molded
|
|
suggestibility
|
a subtle type of conformity, adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard
|
|
Conditions that Strengthen Conformity
|
1. a person is made to feel incompetent/insecure
2. there are at least 3 people in the group 3. the group is unanimous 4. the person admires group status and attractiveness 5. the person has no prior commitment to a response 6. the group observes the persons behavior 7. the culture strongly encourages respect for a social standard |
|
normative social influence
|
person desires to gain approval or avoid rejection
|
|
informational social influence
|
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
|
|
social facilitation
|
improved performance on tasks in the presence of others
|
|
social loafing
|
the tendency to exert less effort toward attaining a common goal than when tested individually
|
|
deindividuation
|
loss of self-awareness and self restraint in group situations that faster arousal & anonymity
|
|
group polarization
|
enhances a group's prevailing attitudes through a discussion
|
|
groupthink
|
mode of thinking that occurs when a desire for harmony in the group overrides the realistic appraisal
|
|
prejudice
|
an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and it's members
|
|
beliefs (stereotypes)
emotions (hostility) predisposition to act (discriminate) |
3 components of prejudice
|
|
roots of prejudice
|
social inequalities
social divisions emotional scapegoating |
|
ingroup
|
people with whom one shares a common identity
|
|
outgroup
|
those perceived as different from one's in-group
|
|
Aggression
|
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy; reactively (out of hostility) or proactively (a calculated means to an end)
|
|
Biology of Aggression
|
1. genetic influences
2. neural influences 3. biochemical influences |
|
Psychology of Aggression
|
1. dealing with aversive events
2. learning aggression is rewarding 3. observing models of aggression 4. acquiring social scripts |
|
frustration
|
aggression principle - blocking of an attempt to achieve a desired goal, creates anger -> aggression
|
|
bystander intervention
|
the decision making process for bystander intervention; less likely to help when there's more people around
|
|
conflict
|
perceived as incompatibility
|
|
superordinate goals
|
shared goals that override differences and require cooperation
|
|
communication
|
understanding developed through talking to one another
|
|
neuron
|
a nerve cell
|
|
synapse
|
a gap between the axon and dendrite or cell body
|
|
neurotransmitters
|
bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron into a lock and key mechanism
|
|
agonists
|
mimics neurotransmitter and activates the receiving neuron (drug)
|
|
antagonists
|
blocks the action of the neurotransmitter and inhibits the nerve (poison)
|
|
nervous system
|
consists of all the nerve cells; communication system
|
|
2 parts of the automatic portion of the peripheral nervous system
|
sympathetic (arousing) an parasympathetic (calming)
|
|
Somatic
|
part of the pns that controls voluntary movements
|
|
sensory neurons
|
carry info from sense receptor to the Central nervous system
|
|
motor neurons
|
carries info from the CNS to the outer nerves
|