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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Rules of Scientific Vigor
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scientific rigor involves operating by a set of standards/rules/values
Empiricism: knowledge based on evidence Publicism: published in a scholarly journal; replicable Skepticism: your findings must be peer-reviewed & subject to scrutiny Tentativeness: knowledge can change with new evidence |
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Theory
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series of statements that propose relationships among phenomena
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Research
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formal process by which knowledge is produced & understood
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Primary Research
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generates new information
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Secondary Research
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examines existing information
EX: meta-analysis: quantitative review of studies |
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Predictors
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Used to predict/forecast criterion variable.
Seen as independent variables |
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Criterion
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Primary object of a research study
Seen as dependent variables |
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Level of Analysis
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Refers to the type of subject (e.g., individual, team, departments, organizations)
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Aggregation
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Averaging or summing of data from a lower level (e.g., individual) to a higher level (e.g., team, department, etc.)
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Internal Validity
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the degree to which a variable is related to another variable that is accurate and true
The degree of control affects the internal validity. High internal validity means that the variables are strongly related, and the effects seen are not due to another variable that was not controlled for. |
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External Validity
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the degree to which the results can be generalized to other groups of people
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Ecological Validity
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degree of similarity between the research setting and a natural setting/situation
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Correlational Study
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use of surveys or observation to garner data without manipulating variables
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Ethnography
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uses field observation to study and describe a group’s culture.
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Experimental Design Study
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involves manipulating an IV while holding all other variables constant; with no differences in the characteristics between the samples
Laboratory Quasi-experiment (no random assignment) Field experiment |
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Single-case Study
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use of a single subject (e.g., case study, etc.)
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Longitudinal Study
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study with multiple assessments over time
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Cross-sectional Study
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study with single assessment across parameters of interest
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Four Types of Research
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(1) Basic: concerned with gaining knowledge
(2) Applied: focused on finding a solution to a societal problem (Tied to generalizability) (3) Evaluation: focused on assessing the success of an intervention/program (4) Action: model of research that targets theory, application, & evaluation |
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median
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middle number
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mode
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the most frequently occurring number
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mean
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average
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Types of Distribution
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(1) Normal (mean, median, and mode are same number)
(2) Positively skewed: less values on positive side (Mean > Median > Mode) (3) Negatively skewed: less values on the negative side (Mode > Median > Mean) |
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Range
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highest value - lowest value
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Variance
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S^2
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Standard Deviation
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S = square root of (the sum of (value - average)^2/n-1)
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Correlation Coefficient
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(r) = represents the strength of a relationship between two variables (-1 to +1)
closer to ±1, the relationship is stronger 0 = absence of a relationship |
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Three Basic Foundations of Causality
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(1) Covariation of proposed cause and effect
(2) Time-order precedence (3) Absence of alternative explanations |
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Covariance
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measure of how much two variables change together
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Moderator
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variable that influences the direction and/or strength of a relationship between two other variables
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Mediator
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variable that serves as the underlying mechanism through which one variable affects another
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Type I Error
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falsely rejecting the null hypothesis
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Type II Error
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falsely accepting the null hypothesis
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Alpha (α)
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represents the probability of committing a TI error
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Beta (β)
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represents the probability of committing a TII error
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Power
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1 – β; probability of correctly rejecting the null
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Ethical Considerations in I/O
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Informed consent
Privacy Confidentiality Protection from Deception Debriefing |