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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ventilation |
Air moving in and out of the chest. |
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Process of Ventilation |
Inhalation: - An active process. - Muscles of the chest, including intercostal muscles between the ribs, expand. - The diaphragm contracts in a downward motion. - These movements increase the size of the chest cavity creating a negative pressure, pulling air into the lungs
Exhalation: - A passive process - Previous muscles relax decreasing the size of the chest cavity creating a positive pressure.
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Tidal Volume |
The amount of air moved in one breath (inhalation & exhalation).Exhalation.
5-7 mL per kg of body weight.
72.5 kg (160 lbs) x 5-7 = 362.5 - 507.5 mL
Avg. 100 kg adult = Avg. 500 mL Avg. 350 mL reaches the alveoli (alveoli ventilation). |
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Minute Volume |
The amount of air moved in-and-out of the lungs in one minute.
MV = TV X RR
Rate of respiration (i.e., shallow breaths or fast breaths) or volume decrease in lungs (i.e., bronchiol constriction) can decrease minute volume. For fast breaths, the alvioli have less time for perfusion. |
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Alveoli Ventilation |
The amount of air that reaches the alveoli in one ventilation. |
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Tidal Volume - Asthma Patient |
Asthma attacks constrict the bronchioles, reducing the tidal volume. Example (figures vary): Normal tidal volume for patient = 500 mL. Asthma attack = 350 mL 350 mL |
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Pulmonary Respiration |
The diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide that takes place between the alvioli and circulating blood. |
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Cellular Respiration |
The diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide that takes place between the cells and circulating blood. |
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V/Q Match |
The cardio and pulmonary system working in concert. This process is referred to as ventilation-perfusion. |
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3 Ways to Restrict / Prevent Respiration / Perfusion |
1. Mechanics disrupted Pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, loss of nerve control to innervate muscular respiration (Myasthenia, Multiple Sclerosis), bronchconstriction (Asthma, COPD). 2. Gas exchange Interruption - atmospherically low oxygen levels, diffusion problems (CHF) where the alvioli stop working. 3. Circulation issues - Loss of blood volume, hemoglobin issues (Enemia [loss of oxygen-binding hemoglobin], Acidosis [hemoglobin cannot hold oxygen]). |
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Respiration |
The diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alvioli and the blood and between the blood and the cells. |
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Hypoxia |
An insufficiency of oxygen in the body tissues. |
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Hypercapnia |
High levels of carbon dioxide in the body. The body will tolerate high levels of carbon dioxide longer than it will tolerate hypoxia. |
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The urge to breathe is caused by: |
The buildup of carbon dioxide. Chemoreceptors in the cardiovascular system detect increasing levels of carbon dioxide and low levels of oxygen. When these sensors detect significant changes, especially a buildup of carbon dioxide, the respiratory system is stimulated to breathe more rapidly. |
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Is the physiology of shortness of breath = |
Response to hypoxia (low oxygen) and hypercapnia (high carbon dioxide): 1. Increases respiratory rate to aid in diffusion. This presents as shortness of breath. Engages the sympathetic nervous system: 1. Increases heart rate in an attempt to move more blood for pulmonary diffusion. 2. Constricts blood vessels (BP increase) which aids in the movement of blood. |
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Adequate Breathing |
1. No distress 2. Respiratory distress
Patient is breathing adequately and is able to sustain themselves at the current time although distressed.
1. Rate elevated & or depth slightly unusual though adequate minute volume. 2. May have wheezing, stridor, coughing. 3. Air moves freely or slightly blocked in and out of chest. 4. Sometimes normal or pale due to vasoconstriction. 5. Oxygen saturation normal. 6. Speaks 3-4 word sentences. 7. Increased anxiety or agitation.
Treatment: non-rebreather or nasal canula. |
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Inadequate Breathing |
1. Respiratory failure - the patient is moving some air in-and-out but it is slow or shallow and not enough to live. A. Some breathing but not enough to live. B. Rate & depth outside normal range. Can be irregular. C. Shallow ventilation D. Diminished or absent breath sounds. E. Crowing, stridor, snoring, gurgling, gasping. F. Cyanotic or gray skin. G. Decreased minute volume. H. Saturation <=94 I. Altered mental status & or agitation.
Treatment: assisted ventilations with pocket face mask, bag-valve mask, or FROPVD (flow-restricted oxygen-powered ventilation device).
2. Respiratory arrest - No breathing.
Treatment: assisted ventilations with pocket face mask, bag-valve mask, or FROPVD, or ATV at 10-12/min for adult or 20/min for infant or child (no OPVD on Infants and children).
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