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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Matter |
Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space |
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Atoms |
the smallest units of an element that retain the element’s physical and chemical properties. These bond together to form molecules |
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Elements |
the basic building blocks of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means. Types of Atoms |
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What is something that is all around us that ISN’T matter? |
Light |
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Subatomic particles of atoms |
Protons and neutrons make up nucleus. ~N: no mass ~P: mass one ~E: no mass |
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Elements |
Define Atom by number of protons Atomic symbol~Abbreviation for the element Atomic mass~Number of neutrons + number of protons Atomic number~Number of protons |
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SPONCH |
Common elements that make up bulk of our bodies. Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen |
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Isotopes |
atoms that have the same atomic number but a different atomic mass because the number of neutrons differ. Ex: H, He, Be |
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Radioactive isotopes |
-break down over time releasing energy -are useful in dating old objects, imaging body organs and tissues through x-rays and killing cancer cells -Ex: Thyroid |
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What are the three most common isotopes of Carbon? How many protons and neutrons in each isotope? |
carbon-12 (6), carbon-13 (7), and carbon-14 (8). |
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Electrons |
Determine the chemical properties of an atom because atoms interact through electrons. Electrons arrange themselves into shells Electrons in the outermost shell are most loosely held to the nucleus |
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Shell |
volume of space around the nucleus where an electron is likely to be found |
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Molecules |
-Are made of atoms that are bonded together -Can be made of the same atom or different atoms |
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Satisfying the octet rule |
~8 electrons in outer shell~ 1. Atoms can gain electrons from other atoms 2. Atoms can lose electrons to other atoms 3. Atoms can share electron pairs with other atoms |
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Ionic bonds: |
~Exciting but unstable relationship ~Atoms in this type of bond donate or take on electrons, forming ions -Results in a stable outer shell ~Bond is the result of the attraction between oppositely charged ions |
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Ions |
A charged atom or molecule. It is charged because the number of electrons do not equal the number of protons in the atom or molecule. |
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Covalent Bond |
-Atoms share electrons-Very Strong Bond |
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Non-Polar Bond |
When electrons are shared equally |
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Polar Bond |
If electrons are not shared equally. Ex: H2O |
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What makes water a polar molecule? |
Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen which means that in the formation of water the electrons from the two hydrogen atoms will be more attracted and move closer to oxygen. This means the electrons are unequally shared between the two hydrogen atoms and oxygen atoms. Since the electrons aren’t equally shared the charge isn’t evenly distributed. Oxygen is slightly negative, and the two hydrogen molecules are slightly positive which is why water is a polar molecule. |
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What are the seven things that make H2O unique? |
~Water is polar -Electrons are not shared equally between the atoms of a water molecule ~Water is liquid at room temperature -Due to massive amount of hydrogen bonding between water molecules ~Temperature of liquid water rises and falls slowly -Twice as much energy as is needed to do the same to other covalently bonded liquids Therefore water protects organisms from rapid changes in temperature ~Water has a high heat of vaporization -Takes a large amount of heat to change water to steam, Keeps water in liquid form ~Frozen water is less dense than liquid water -Most substances contract when they freezeWater expands ~Water is cohesive -Due to hydrogen bonding, water molecules stick to each other ~Water is a solvent for polar molecules -Due to its polarity, many molecules dissociate (come apart) when in water -Ions and molecules that interact with water = hydrophilic -Nonionized and nonpolar molecules do not interact with water = hydrophobic |
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Hydrogen Bonds |
-Hydrogen bonds occur between a hydrogen in a covalent bond and a negatively charged atom -These are relatively weak bonds -Keep molecules close together |
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Acids |
Acids are substances that dissociate and release hydrogen atoms |
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Bases |
-substances that take up hydrogen atoms or release hydroxyl ions. -Alkaline |
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What is the Ph scale? |
-A measure of hydrogen ion concentration Working scale is between 0 and 14 with 7 being neutral -A pH below 7 is acidic and above 7 is basic (Alkaline) -Logarithmic scale so change in one unit of pH is a change by a factor of 10 |
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What organic molecules (4 macromolecules) are found in living organisms? |
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids |
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Monomer |
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer (subunits). |
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Carbs |
~Monomer-monosaccharides -2 monosaccharides linked = disaccharide -these link together to form a polysaccharide ~Function as short and long-term energy storage |
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Monosaccharide |
-Simple carb -1 carbon ring as found in glucose |
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Disaccharide |
2 carbon rings as found in maltose |
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Complex carbs |
~Polysaccharides-made of many carbon rings ~Glycogen is the storage form in animals ~Starch is the storage form in plants |
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lipids |
~Hydrophobic molecules found as: 1. fats/oils used for energy 2. Steroids-communicators 3. Sterols-Many functions 4. Phospholipids-make up cell membrane |
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Do lipids dissolve in water? |
No |
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How are fats and oils different? |
Fats -Usually animal origin -Solid at room temperature -Saturated Oils -Usually plant origin -Liquid at room temperature -Unsaturated |
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Phospholipids |
~Similar to triglyceride -Phosphate groups replaces one fatty acid chain -Phosphate groups are polar ~Primary component of cell membranes ~A glycerol |
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Triglyceride |
A glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid tails is a |
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Explain the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats |
2. Saturated fats: • No double bonds between molecules, only single bonds between carbon molecules • Saturated with Hydrogen; no bends in the chain structure • solid at room temperature Unsaturated fats: • Double bonds between Carbon • Double bonds cause bends in the chain structure • Liquid at room temperature |
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Steroids |
-A lipid
-Structure contains four fused carbon rings -Examples are cholesterol and sex hormones -soluble in water |
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proteins |
-Made of subunits called amino acids -Important for diverse functions in the body including hormones, enzymes and transport -Shape of protein is integral to function-Change of shape = denature Polymer-polypeptide |
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What are the four levels of protein organization? |
All proteins have primary, secondary and tertiary structure, while only a few have quaternary structure 1. Primary – the linear order of amino acids 2. Secondary – localized folding into pleated sheets and helices 3. Tertiary – the 3-D shape of the entire protein in space 4. Quaternary – combination of more than one polypeptide |
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nucleic acids |
~Made of nucleotide subunits ~Function in the cell -information storage - to make proteins ~Polymer-nucleic acid -ex: Includes RNA and DNA |
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What are the five bases found in nucleotides? |
-Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are double-ringed purines -Cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U) are single-ringed pyrimidines |
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What are the structural differences of DNA and RNA |
DNA -Sugar is deoxyribose -Bases include A, T, C and G -Double stranded RNA -Sugar is ribose -Bases include A, U, C and G -Single stranded |
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ATP |
Adenosine Triphosphate-currency of the cell -Cell’s common currency for energy -Energy is stored in phosphate bonds -Easy to break a phosphate bond to release the energy |
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Phosphate groups have what charge? |
Negative |
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What are the differences in structure between plant cells and animal cells? |
Animal cells lack three structures that plant cells contain which include cell walls, chloroplasts, and vacuoles. |
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A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions. |
elements |
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Different atomic forms of the same element. |
Isotopes |
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The extraordinary properties of water are due to the high level of |
hydrogen bonding |
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A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a substance. |
acid |
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hydrolysis |
Polymers are disassembled into monomers through what type of reaction? |
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Lipids are hydrophobic |
True |