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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Plaque |
Atherosclerotic material that builds up on the walls of arteries, causing most artery problems. |
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The 2 problems associated with arterial plaque. |
Hemodynamically significant lesions: restrict flow Thromboembolic plaque: sends small clots into the distal circulation. |
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Lumen |
The open part of a vessel where blood flows. |
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Residual Lumen |
The space inside the vessel that is left by the plaque or clot. |
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Bifurcation |
The point where the vessel divides or branches off. |
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Where is a common site for arterial stenosis? |
The carotid bifurcation, where the common carotid artery divides into the internal carotid and external carotid. |
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Collateral circulation |
Alternative pathways of blood flow that become functional in the event of arterial or venous obstruction. |
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Hemodynamics |
The study of blood flow characteristics. |
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Embolus |
An object traveling thru circulation that may lodge in a vessel and cause occlusion. |
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Name the common types of emboli. |
Thrombus Air Tumor cells Clumps of fat Bullets |
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During what type of circulation is there concern for thromboembolic activity arising from ulcerative plaques or from aneurysms? |
ARTERIAL circulation |
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In what type of circulation is there concern for pulmonary emboli arising from deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities? |
VENOUS circulation |
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Sample Volume |
The discrete area of flow assessed with pulse doppler. |
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Doppler Angle (aka the ANGLE OF INCIDENCE or ANGLE THETA from the doppler equation) |
The angle of the doppler beam with respect to the direction of the flow. |
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What is the optimal angle for vascular duplex scanning? |
45-60 degrees |
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Angles greater than 60 degrees lead to _____? |
Errors in velocity measurement |
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FYI: more blood creating a given frequency shift would cause brighter pixels, and less blood creating another frequency shift would cause darker pixels. |
This information is then swept over time on the horizontal axis to produce a waveform that suggests the character of the blood flow. |
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VELOCITY |
The speed of blood, expressed in cm or m/s. |
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Calcific, dense |
Characteristic features of certain plaque. Both show up as bright echos in the lumen. Dense plaque may not cause shadowing, calcific plaque would. |
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Soft, fibrous |
Characteristic of certain plaque. Soft, fibrous plaque produces darker echos than dense or calcific. |
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OCCLUSION |
Complete blockage. Term must be used with "total" to distinguish from "obstruction", which implies partial and not total. |
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LAMINAR |
Orderly, nonturbulent flow. |
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Multiphasic |
Normal peripheral arterial flow. |
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Monophasic |
Energy damped out peripheral arterial flow. |
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Aliasing |
Can occur with spectral waveform or an color flow Doppler. You will see "wrap around" of the wave form or color on the display. |
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Mosaic |
The mottled appearance created by turbulent flow- many velocities and direction of flow, creating many colors. |
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Jet |
A localized area of high velocity flow through an exiting stenosis. |
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Coapt |
To meet or join. |
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Tunica intima |
Innermost layer of wall consisting of a surface layer of smooth endothelium over base membrane and connective tissue. |
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Tunica media |
Middle layer is thicker and composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue arranged in a circular pattern. |
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Tunica externa (or adventitia) |
Outer arterial wall layer. Thinner than media and contains white fibrous connective tissue and smooth muscle fibers arranged longitudinally. |
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Arterial function |
Transport blood, gases, nutrients, and other essential substances away from the heart and out to the tissues. |
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Where does the ascending aorta arise from? |
Left ventricle and first branches are right & left coronary arteries. |
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What are the 3 branches of the aortic arch? |
1st: innominate/brachiocephalic 2nd: Left CCA 3rd: Left subclavian |
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Where does the decending thoracic aorta turn into the abdominal aorta? |
At the level of the diaphragm. |
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What are the major branches of the abdominal aorta? |
Celiac artery SMA Renal artery Inferior mesenteric artery Common iliac arteries (internal/external) |
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Capillaries |
Vessels of microcirculation, no more than one mm long, 8-10 microns in diameter, walls consist of endothelial cells (one cell thick). |
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Where does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery? |
At the outer border of the first rib. |
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Where does the axillary artery become the bracing artery? |
After giving off 7 branches. |
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Where does the brachial artery bifurcate? |
Into the radial artery (lateral side of the forearm) and the ulnar artery (medial side of forearm ). |
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Superficial palmer (volar) arch |
The distal portion of the ulnar artery, and the branch of the radial artery. |
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Deep palmar (volar) arch |
Deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery and the distal portion of the radial artery. |
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Digital arteries |
From palmer arches and extends into fingers and toes. |
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After the internal carotid artery passes into the skull, what 2 blood vessels does it give off? |
Anterior choroidal artertery and posterior communicating artery, finally dividing into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries. |
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The external carotid supplies blood to what 3 areas? |
Neck, face, and scalp. |
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How many branches come off the external carotid artery? |
8 |
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The vertebral arteries unite to form what blood vessel after they enter the skull thru what structure? |
Basilar artery |
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What blood vessels make up the Circle of Willis? |
The anterior, middle, posterior cerebral, anterior communicating, and posterior communicating arteries. |
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What's the name of the structural elaboration of the intimal layer that keeps the blood flowing in One Direction by snapping shut during retrograde blood flow? |
Venus vales |
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Valves in the lower extremities are more prone to disease because of what? |
Venous Thrombosis, increased venous pressure from Gravity, increased intraabdominal and/or venous obstruction. |
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SPECTRAL ANALYSIS |
The return doppler signal broken down into the component frequency shift (on the vertical axis), and the amplitudes at those frequencies. |