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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1st Law of Thermodynamics: |
Law of Conservation of Energy (can't be created or destroyed - just converted) |
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2nd law of thermodynamics: |
at every stage of process, some energy is converted to a useless form. Energy loss in the form of heat, increased disorder, entropy. life on earth viable because of constant input from sun. |
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photosynthesis: |
solar energy used to form simple carbohydrates (sugars) containing high energy bonds |
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respiration: |
biological compounds broken into smaller constituents, resulting in release of energy to do work and provide heat. |
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endergonic reaction: |
requires energy to run (like a lot of chemical synthesis) |
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exergonic reaction: |
releases energy that can become available for another purpose. does not occur spontaneously in living systems; often requires an activation energy. |
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oxidation reaction: |
exergonic reaction that involves electrons being removed from a molecule (often result in larger compounds being split into smaller compounds) |
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reduction reactions: |
endergonic reaction where electrons are added. reduced compounds have more potential energy. |
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oxidizing agent: |
accepting electrons |
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reducing agent: |
giving electrons |
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phosphorylation: |
sticking a phosphate onto something (often used to make ATP). This is an endergonic reaction (energy from sugar - glucose - necessary for this). This is nature's way of storing the energy from carbohydrates |
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other compounds involved in carrying or transferring energy: |
NADH, NADPH, FADH2 |
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enzymes: |
you know in general what they do, but just know that they're also very specific about what reactions they catalyze |
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respiration: |
exergonic reaction in which stored chemical energy (from food) is released to do work. basic form: food energy --> ATP --> supports cellular metabolism |
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Cellular Respiration Reaction: |
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (about 36 ATPs) |
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glycolysis: |
glucose molecule splits into 2 3-carbon compounds (pyruvate). happens in the cytosol, produces 2 ATPs |
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Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) |
occurs in the mitochondrion, the pyruvates are metabolized, producing a couple more ATPs. |
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electron transport chain: |
also occurs in mitochondrion, energy harvested from movement of electrons down a gradient to yield 34-36 ATPs |
