Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Tissues
|
combination of diggerent types of cells and cell products that perform limited fuctions
|
|
Four Types of Tissue
|
1. Epithelial
2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Neural |
|
Composition of the Epithelial Tissue
|
Eptihelial and Glands
|
|
Epithelial
|
Layers of cells that cover internal and external surfaces
|
|
Glands
|
Structures that produce fluid secretions (derived from epithelia)
|
|
Characteristics of Epithelia
|
Cellularity, Polarity, Attachment, Avascularity, Regenerations
|
|
Ceullularity
|
Cells bound by cell junctions (interconnections)
|
|
Polarity
|
one surface is exposed (apical) and one is attached (basal)
|
|
Attachment
|
Bound by Basal Lamina
|
|
Avascularity
|
Lack of blood Vessels
|
|
Regeneration
|
Cells damaged are replaced
|
|
Functions of Epithelial Tissue
|
-Provides protection from abrasion, dehydrations, chemicals
-Controls Permeability- any substance entering or leaving must cross epithelium -Provides sensation- have large nerve supply -Produce specialized Secretions |
|
Neuroepithelium
|
specialized to perform sensory functions
|
|
Glandular epithelium
|
produce secretions discharged on surface or to interstitial fluid as chemical messengers
|
|
Apical surface
|
Part exposed to internal or external environment
|
|
basolateral surface
|
includes base and parts where cell touches neighbor
|
|
Tight Junctions
|
lipid portions of 2 cell membranes
-impermeable -for examble stomach lining -intracellular connection |
|
Gap Junctions
|
Cells held together by interlocking proteins (channels present)
-Allows for rapid communication -messages pass from cell to cell to cell |
|
Desmosomes
|
Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) and proteglycans link membranes
-strong and flexible -like strong rubber cement |
|
Attachment to Basal Lamina
|
By Lamina Lucida and Lamina densa
|
|
Lamina Lucida
|
closest to epithelium, barrier that restricts movement of large molecules from underlying tissue into epithelium
|
|
Lamina Densa
|
bundles of corse protein fibers produced by connective tissue
|
|
Classification of Epithelia
|
Cell shape, number of layers
|
|
Squamous
|
thin and flat cells
|
|
Cuboidal
|
look like boxes cells
|
|
Columnar
|
tall, slender rectangle cells
|
|
Simple
|
one layer
|
|
Stratified
|
multiple layers
|
|
Pseudostratisfied
|
looks like it's two layers but it's only one
-found in intstines |
|
Simple Squamous epithelia
|
-Most delicate epithelium
-Occur where abosorption and diffusion take place or where slippery surfaces reduce friction (plerua, lining of hear and blood vessels) |
|
Two types of Simple squamous epithelia
|
-Mesothelium-lines pleura, peritoneum
-Endotheilum- lines blood vessels and heart, stretchy and can stand some adjustment of shape |
|
Stratified epithelia
|
occurs where mechanical stresses are sever
-Skin surface -Lining of mouth -Keratinized-apical layer contain protein filaments, resistant to water loss ex. bottom of foot -Non-keratinized must be kept moist ex. mouth lining |
|
Simple Cuboidal Epithelia
|
provide limited protection to areas where secretion and/or absorption occur
ex. parts of kidney |
|
Stratified Cuboidal epithelia
|
Fairly rare, are located along ducts of sweat glands and large ducts of mammary glands
|
|
Transitional epithelial
|
tolerant of repeated cycles of stretching
-Found in urinary bladder, when full it resembles simple epithelium, when empty resembles multiple layers of cuboidal cells |
|
Simple Columnar epithelia
|
found where secretion and absorption occur
-small intestine -secretions protect against chmeical damage in large intestine and stomach |
|
Pseudostratified columnar epithelia
|
contain cilia
occur in -lining of nasal passages -trachea -bronchioles -and parts of male reproductive tract |
|
Stratified Columnar epithelia
|
Fairly rare, occur in parts of pharynx, epiglottis, anus and urethra
|
|
Glandular Epitheli
|
Endocrine glands and Exocrine Glands
|
|
Endocrine Glands
|
Secrete things inside of body
|
|
Exocrine Glands
|
Secrete things outside of the body
|
|
Connective Tissue
|
Connects epithelium to the rest of the body (reticular layer)
-Bone-provides structure -Fat-energy stores -Blood-transport material throughout body |
|
Three Basic Components of CT
|
1. Specialized Cells
2. Extracellular Protein Fibers 3. Fluid (ground substance) |
|
Matrix
|
Ground Fluid and extracellular fibers
|
|
Does the epithelial tissue or connective tissue have more matrix?
|
Connective Tissue
|
|
Functions of CT
|
-Structural framework of body
-Transportation of fluids and dissolved materials -Protection of dlicate organs -Supporting, surrounding, connecting other types of tissue -storing energy reserves -Defending body from microorganisms |
|
What is the most delicate epithelial tissue
|
Simple Squamous
|
|
Classification of CT
|
Connetive Tissue Proper
Fluid Ct Supporting CT |
|
Connective Tissue Proper/ FibroCT
|
many cell types and extracellular proteins
-Loose CT (adipose-fat tissue) -Dense CT (tendons) |
|
Fluid CT
|
Cells suspeneded in watery matrix (blood, lymph)
|
|
Supporting CT
|
Low diversity cell population and dense fibers (bone, cartiledge)
|
|
Fibroblasts
|
most abundant cells, only cell always present in CT proper
|
|
Functions of Fibroblasts
|
secrete intracellular cement that locks epithelial cells together, secretes protein subunits that interact to form large extracellular fibers
|
|
Macrophages
|
Engulf damaged cells or pahogens
CT cells |
|
Adipocytes
|
Contain large lipid droplet (fat cells)
CT cells |
|
Mesenchymal cells
|
stem celll
CT cells |
|
melanocytes
|
synthesize and store melanin
CT cells |
|
Mast cells
|
common near blood vessels, contain histamine and heaprin
CT cells |
|
lymphocytes
|
cells involved in imune system, travel to damaged areas may develop into plasma cells and produce antibodies
CT cells |
|
Collagen fibers
|
long, straight and unbranched, most common in CT proper
-bundle of fibrous proteins wound together -looks like they're braided |
|
Reticular fibers
|
branched interwoven framework, tough and flexible
-resist forcesapplied in many directions -stablixie positions of blood vessels in organs -very stretchy and flexible CT fiber |
|
Elastic Fibers
|
contain elastin, branced and wavy
-once they stretch they retunrn back to original form CT tissue |
|
Loose Connective Tissue
|
packing material of the body
3 types -Areolar -Adipose -Reticular |
|
Areolar Tissue
|
least specialized, may contain fibers of all CT proper types
-resitant to distortion (elastic fibers) -rich in capillaries -between skin and muscle |
|
Adipose tissue
|
account for most of volume
Functions: Padding, heat loss prevention, backing or filler (keeps organs from having too much space to wiggle around in) |
|
White Fat
|
most of fat in body
|
|
Brown fat
|
infants and young children only,
-between shoulder blades and around neck -mitochondria rich, highly vascularized lots of capillaries |
|
Reticular Tissue
|
found in spleen and liver
-reticular fibers from stroma (a 3d matrix) supports parenchyma of organs -also found in some bone marrow and lymph nodes |
|
Dense Connective Tissue
|
fibers make up most volume
-collagen fibers are dominant |
|
Two types of Dense CT
|
-Dense regular
-Dense irregular |
|
Dense Regular CT
|
-parallel to each other, tightly packed, align with forces applied to tissue
|
|
Tendons, ligaments
|
examples of Dense Regular CT
|
|
Dense Irregular CT
|
interwoven meshwork with tno pattern
resists force in nearly every direction |
|
Fluid CT
|
Fluid matrix ground cells do not from insoluble fiber
|
|
Blood
|
ex. of fluid Ct
the plasma is water matrix |
|
Lymph
|
froms as interstitial fluid and enters lymphatic vessels
-99% lymphocytes -1% macro and microphages |
|
Cartilage
|
firm gel with chondroitin sulfates that combine with proteins to form protegoglycans
|
|
Chondrocytes
|
only cell type in cartilage
-avascular- wastes/nutrients transferred via diffusion |
|
What separates cartilage from tissue?
|
perichondrion
|
|
Hyaline Cartilage
|
most common
-connections between ribs, nasal, repiratory passagesways |
|
Elastic Cartilage
|
contain elastic fibers
-external flap of outer ear, epiglottis, small cartilage of larynx |
|
Fibrocartilage
|
dominated by densely woven collagen fibers
-pads between vertebrae, pubic bones and a few joints and tendons -resists compression, absorbs shock, prevents bone to bone damage |
|
What does the bone matrix consist of?
|
2/3 calcium salts and 1/3 collagen fibers
|
|
Osteocytes
|
main bone cells
|
|
Canaliculi
|
allow exchange between blood vessels and osteocytes
|
|
Peristeum
|
is the outer layer, it sheaths the surface of the bone and assits in attachment to tendons and ligaments
|
|
Three types of Muscle Tissue
|
Skeletal
Cardiac Smooth |
|
Skeletal Muscle
|
-Responsible for gross movement
-Large multinucleated cells -reproduce via satellite cells -Striated voluntary muscle |
|
Cardiac Muscle
|
-circulates blood
-1 to 5 nuclei -Connected by intercalated discs -Limited ability to repair damage -STriated involuntary muscle |
|
Smooth
|
-provides elasticity, contractility and support
-Cells can dived -spindle shaped cell -nonstriated involuntary muscle |
|
cardiocytes
|
cardiac muscle cells
|
|
Where are smooth muscles located?
|
-walls of blood vessels
-hollow organs (urinary bladder) -layers around repiratory, circulatory, digestive, reprodutive tracts |
|
Neural Tissue
|
Specialixed for conduction of electrical impulses
-98% in brain and spinal chord |
|
Neurons
|
Larges cells in body
-consist of cell body, nucleus, nucleolus, dendrites, axon -One of the cells of neural tissue |
|
Neurogila
|
Supporting cells in neural tissue
|
|
Fasciae- Connective Tissue layers (3 sections)
|
-Superfical fascia
-Deep Fascia _Subserous Fascia |
|
Superficial Fascia
|
subcutaneous layer or hypodermis
-Areolar tissues and fat that separates skin from tissure -isulates -lets skin and underlying structures move independently |
|
Deep Fascia
|
Irregular CT
-resists froces from many directions -Capsules surrounding organs bound to deep fascia |
|
Subserous Fascia
|
Areolar Tissue
Between deep fascia and serous membrane |
|
Endocrine Glands
|
releases secretions on the inside, such as hormones
|
|
Exocrine Glands
|
releases secretions on teh outside, such as tears and sweat
|
|
Merocrine Secretion
|
Released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis
-saliva, mucus, sweat |
|
Apocrine Secretion
|
Loss of cytoplasm as well as secretory product
-cell repairs itself -ex. milk production ois both merocrine and apocrine the top of the cell comes off |
|
Holocrine Secretion
|
Cell becomes packed with product and bursts, the cell is destroyed
-ex. oily hair coating |
|
Serous Gland
|
Secrete water soulution containing enzymes (i.e. paraotoid salivary glands)
exocrine gland |
|
Mucous gland
|
Secrete mucins that hydrate and form mucus (i.e. sublingual salivary glands)
exocrine gland |
|
Mixed Exocrine Gland
|
More than one type of gland cell May produce 2 different secretions 1 serous, 1 mucus
(i.e. submandibular salivary glands) exocrine gland |
|
Unicelluar Glands
|
Scattered throughout epithelium
-goblet cells -secrete mucins |
|
Multicellular exocrine glands
|
-Secretory sheet
-Gland cells release secretions into inner compartment -Secretions travel through ducts to surface |
|
Characteristics of Muliticellular glands
|
-Structure of duct: simple or compound
-Shape of secretory portion of gland: tublular(cells form tubes), alveolar(cells form blind pockets), tubuloavleolar (form both tubes and pockets) -relationship between ducts and glandular areas |
|
What happens during inflammation of tissue?
|
-Damaged cells release prostaglandins, proteins, K ions
-Necrosis -Mast cells release chmeicals (histamines, prostaglandins) -->surrounding tissue releases, blood flow increases |
|
Necrosis
|
lysosomal enzymes attack ijured cells
-Dead cells, necrotice tissue form pus |
|
What happens with regeneration of tissue?
|
-Fibroblasts move into necrotic area and lay down collagen fibers (produce scar tissue)
-The scar tissue is "remodeled" and you get brand new tissue |
|
What provides sturctural framework of body, protection of organs, and storage of energy?
|
Connective Tissue
|