Western Civilization Unit 9

Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam

The religion of Christianity, not the church

Catholicism embraces the pope as a spiritual authority, they believe in seven sacraments administered by Ecclesiastes

Martin Luther, he taught the theology of free will, as in the Doctrine of Free Will, and John Calvin, who taught that God controlled everything, as in the Doctrine of Predestination

The church had a focus on secular and material influences rather than their spiritual responsibilities

To control the church

They challenged Roman Catholic Church theology to enhance themselves

Because he backed and protected Martin Luther

Frederick V hated the Medici's, Martin Luther was fighting Lorenzo Medici's son, Pope Leo X, so Frederick V protected Luther just to put Pope Leo X at a disadvantage

As a doctor of theology, he told some students at Prague that there was no paper trail that could prove that the pope could be proved as a descent of Peter. He was told to recant, he said that he did believe the pope was a Peter-descendant, that it just couldn't be proved by a paper trail, he told them to show him the paper trail, they couldn't so he was burned as a heretic.

Did the papacy exist before Constantine legalized Christianity?

The Duke of Saxony was Frederick V, this was significant because he was able to protect Martin Luther, and it was because of the Diet of Worms.

The church asked Martin Luther to go to Worms to testify against his record count of 792 heresies. He went, leaving the protection of Frederick V, they asked him if he wanted to recant, and he said no.

"I cannot and will not recant anything, for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Here I stand, I can do no other, so help me God. Amen."

His dad was a foundry owner which meant he had a decent income, he was very rigid and preferred discipline almost to the point of child abuse. His mother was completely submissive

An ethnic part of Germany

He was serious, convinced he was going to hell, and he didn't feel confident in what he had learned in church at all

Education to practice

Martin Luther was hit by lightning, lived, so then he thanked Saint Anne and became a monk in a monastery. He became the "best monk in monkdom" even other monks thought he was weird

He was asked some questions he didn't know the answers to, he didn't think he knew what he was talking about, so he decided to translate the Vulgate into the German vernacular so he wouldn't miss anything, and this led to him seeing that the scriptures didn't match up with church teachings

Francis I, Henry VIII, and Charles I. The pope wanted Charles I because he couldn't speak any Spanish and would need an ally, who the pope could be

Arthur got really sick about a week before his and Catherine's wedding, he stuck it out, and died four weeks after marriage, his brother, Henry was coronated, Catherine was the widowed mother of the royal lineage, so Henry VIII stepped in, they said that Arthur and her marriage was not valid because of Arthur's sickness, so technically Henry was her first husband

1. Henry VII and Elizabeth

2. Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon

3. Edward VII

4. Mary I

5. Elizabeth I

His family was duped by the Medici's, his father basically died because of his depression, so at his father's funeral he basically pledged to destroy the Medici's

31 October 1517, John Tetzel saw the Theses, he brought it to the pope, the pope saw questions which deserved answers, everyone else saw heresy which deserved questioning, 7 August 1518, Pope Leo X cited Luther to go to Rome, Frederick V heard of this, detained Luther, told the pope that it was crazy Luther had to go, so he told the pope to come to him, so he could secretly get revenge for his father, because Pope Leo X was Lorenzo's son. 12-14 October, Luther met Cardinal Cajetan in Augsburg, Luther believed he would answer questions, Cajetan wanted to see if Luther was dangerous, Cajetan claimed the pope's authority as the answer to his Theses, Luther said,"that's not acceptable" and was immediately a heretic, Cajetan ordered Frederick to banish him, Frederick took him back to his palace

He wrote a formal letter to the pope and the Holy Roman Emperor, dismissing their spiritual authority in his domain. This would later cause the pope to fear because the Holy Roman Emperor's electors met in his domain, so the pope couldn't influence who rose to power

July 4-14th, Luther debated and gained strong mutual respect with Dr. Johann Van der Ecken, a Roman Catholic doctor of theology

He allowed Luther a chance to recant, even though he wasn't a bishop, and then he let Luther escape

60 days later Luther burnt it and started writing answers to his original Theses

The idea that the people who followed Christ on earth gave up everything and that that was a vital part of Christianity, he condemned the priestly celibacy, and he said people were unified by Christ, not material things

In this book Luther said that there was no basis for five of the seven sacraments, and that baptism and communion weren't required for salvation

Luther was basically saying that there were only two people, those who accepted Christ as their savior and repented, and those who hadn't

Luther's book that talked about the pope as the Antichrist and his lack of authority from God

1. Free will and predestination

2. Baptism

3. Communion

4. The role of the state

5. Leadership: pastors, teachers, women

6. Prophecy and identity

The Unity of the Brethren

He founded Mennonism, and they believed in a literal adherence to the Sermon on the Mount

He founded Zwinglianism, he believed if something wasn't found in the Bible it wasn't Christian, so he was anti-Catholic and anti-Calvinist

He founded Calvinism, and they were a theocracy that believed in Predestination. He wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion, which attacked Catholicism and reaffirmed his beliefs

A Calvinist who went to Scotland and founded Presbyterianism

He founded Anabaptism, and they believed that baptism should only be given to adults who have faith in Christ