Western Civilization Unit 3

Phoenician

The dominant Phoenician port

The Port of Messina, for control of the harbor

By copying their ships, the Romans had many more men.

Carthage surrendered and had to sign a treaty that gave their right away to some islands and made them pay a large debt.

A Roman built naval base

A Roman built fortification on a plateau outside of their control

He believed the Carthaginians were betrayed and not defeated in the first Punic War. He made a VFW

Veterans of Foreign Wars

He refused to sacrifice his first son, Hannibal

They went to the Plains of Zama and took control of the shantytown.

Their goal was to annihilate Rome, Hannibal

They went to build New Carthage

The resistance to Hamilcar's people by the Iberians

To kill every Italian, he caused the most terror ever in Roman history

200,000

The Carthaginians were infantry, the Libyans and Numidians were the cavalry, the Celts organized the battlefield plunder, the Balleins personally guarded Hannibal, the Mahouts just trained and commanded the battle elephants, and the Lusitanians were infantry.

The Carthaginians were the only soldiers who spoke his language, and they only ever made up 10% of his army.

They tied their prisoners up, rode by on a horse, and tried to cut their hamstrings, then they would either torture or kill them.

They had a code of ethics and they would just cut fingers off the dead soldiers

They cut off the right hand of every dead soldier and stewed it and ate it. They believed it renewed their warrior spirit

The Celts wanted the fingers from the right hand, the Lusitanians wanted the right hand, and the Numidians wanted their enemies alive.

They treated him like a god and guarded him with about two-hundred of their best warriors because they resented the Roman incursion on their island and he seemed like a Moses figure to them.

They all committed suicide at once on top of his body

They would kill themselves before they were caught, or try and choke themselves with sod after they had been caught to avoid the torture.

They would pretend to be dead, then crawl off at night

Sagunto, he had about 170,000 men because he left 30,000 at Carthage with Hasdrubal

About three months, he was hit by a lance in the leg, he snapped it, and used his femur bone as leverage to pull his leg out and away from the lance

He publicly rewarded heroic and cowardly deeds that happened in the siege on Sagunto. He slit the cowards' throats.

About 3,000 people, Arles was on the Rhone River

He placed the majority of his troops to the west a couple miles, then he put his brother to the east, soldiers upstream and downstream of the river, and had the Libyans attack head on. The Libyans were driven back across the Rhone, then all of the soldiers collapsed on the Volcae people, and razed the city after slaughtering every single one of them.

They moved into the Guil valley, where it was very cold and they were attacked by the Helvetti.

He stayed about 17 days and lost 15-20 thousand men.

Publius Cornelius Scipio see the Africans of Hannibal's army and retreats

He crushed them at Piacenza, and about 200 Romans escaped who gave up his secret.

Fiesole

He prepared Arezzo for a siege, he put 20,000 men in its walls. Hannibal came and just marched by them, the Romans couldn't exit or else they would get hit by the archers.

The Romans assumed Hannibal would get stuck at Lake Trasimene, he had his infantry go to the hills, east and west of the valley they entered, and used the cavalry to block the view of the Romans. When Gaius Flaminius reached Hannibal, he had the infantry on one side of valley sprint to the other side and close the gap. Then he had the other side do it also, then he slaughtered them.

He backtracked to Arezzo and killed, raped, looted, and razed it.

He moved to the eastern part of the city-state of Rome to terrorize it.

Lucius was 20, Gaius was 23, they each had 40,000 men, their dads who were in the senate bought the power for both of them, they had no military experience.

He was 32 and had about 15,000 men.

Lucius and Gaius both said that they would go out, with the other's soldiers, and crush Hannibal. Quintus said that they needed to wait and gather more information about Hannibal's army.

They combined Gaius's and Lucius's and had them go out looking for Hannibal. Quintus basically served as backup.

Gaius and Lucius saw Hannibal's army in a 2-mile arc at Cannae, they mirrored his army and broke a hole through the bend that was formed, and then Hannibal made his army into a more vertical shape, they then compacted the Romans into about 2.5 acres, only the outside Romans could attack, when it was over, the Romans lost about 82,000 men, Hannibal lost about 2,000.

He found the battlefield by the smell of the bodies and the noise of the bugs there, he realized that Rome was completely unguarded, and the only Roman troops left were his, about 15,000.

He found out that Hannibal hadn't attacked the city, even though he could have crushed it with absolutely no resistance, he didn't believe that anyone would leave Rome unguarded, he thought he wouldn't be able to beat them.

Rome won the war because Hannibal overestimated them, but Hannibal won every battle because the Romans underestimated him.

They declared Martial Law, which means that the civilians give up their rights and become soldiers, and the military is in full control.

The Roman army grew, the emergency waned, and Quintus didn't take the bait to go attack Hannibal, instead he sends cavalry patrols to attack them with guerrilla warfare.

Hannibal went to the gates of Rome and threw a spear at it in frustration because it was the most fortified city he'd ever attacked

Hannibal terrorized Umbria and Tuscany, both of which are north of the Roman city-state

New Carthage was undefended because Hasdrubal abandoned the city while trying to draw away the Romans, and the Romans crucified every citizen.

He sent out five Africans to look for Hannibal, the Romans hated all Africans so they were immediately captured and interrogated, Quintus found out that Hasdrubal was in Italy before Hannibal did.

He sent it to Hannibal as a message that his brother was crushed.

25,000 of Hannibal's men were killed because the Romans learned his tactic, and Hannibal left his army

Hannibal moved east then north looking for refuge, and eventually killed himself, the Romans displayed his head, and the second Punic War ended.

Romans who wanted to move on from the war and enter peace

Romans who thought they had to remove any chance for Hannibal's offspring to avoid a third Punic War

Ceterum Censeo Carthaginium Esse Delendum - "And Carthage must be destroyed"

The third Punic War started when the Romans went into Tunis and told the Carthaginians that they were at war, the Carthaginians surrendered and were given two weeks to evacuate the city

Everyone who stayed (about half the Carthaginians) was killed, the city was disassembled and sent back to Rome, the land was flattened with basically a huge sled, and tons of salt were used to cover the ground and make it infertile, this ended in 146 B.C.

They ripped off everyone in trade because nobody could stand up to them

It made Western Civilization Caucasian

Study of individual human behavior

It is the study of behavior of groups of people, it needs classification

The family, anything more specific than that is psychology

It means,"The father is the family" and the family existed solely to benefit the father

At a very young age they were given away as brides, their physical appearance was used to judge a wife, and they were domestically educated

The son could get a career as a politician, a military leader, or a merchant to earn him money and make him easier to marry off. The son was married to whoever gave the father the biggest dowry

Because obedience was only demanded for the father's interest

The fathers only cared about their needs and comforts, and any society predicated upon self absorption will fail

The family breakdown

Some of the wealthier people to have leisure time

Time in which you don't have to be economically profitable

Usury, which is the lending of money for interest

Economics in which you and I spend every waking moment doing what we need to to survive, which doesn't leave room for leisure time

At a young age the boys would have a tutor, if they excelled in one part of the teaching then their father would set up basically an internship in that department of work

A Roman bath that people went to for cleanliness, business, and rest and relaxation

Formal gatherings

They were expected to host a banquet with good staff for each person, a minimum of 14 courses, and a large banquet hall connected to an open air vomitoreum

To one-up each other and hold the best banquet

People wanted powerful people and famous eaters at your banquet, because it meant your food was good

He ate 27 Cornish hens after many entrees, then started eating his napkin, then choked on it and died

To country estates

Theater, games, and the circus

Gladiators were professional athletes who were ranked and sponsored, the loser died and the winner lived.

Theogenes, he won 1,451 battles, mostly he used gloves filled with iron, he was very wealthy and had a cult of followers who worshiped him

Chariot racers, they couldn't use weapons, only their chariot to kill and beat others

In 100 B.C., when he was born, Rome had great wealth and affluence.

They were a person's values, what someone did in their leisure time showed their mores.

He sealed the walls and floor with clay, flooded it, and had a large naval battle that ended with 177 dead gladiators.

He wanted to be a god, to make a big event he blindfolded slaves and made them race in chariots.

The state

Seasons (their calendar)

May 1 - October 31 was the season of light which was when people grew stuff and were able to fight. November 1 - April 30 was Samhain, or the season of dark, when ghosts and monsters came

In the government, emperors were automatically assumed to be gods.

In 20 B.C.

Joseph and Mary had to register in the census and if they had to deny that Octavius was a god, then they might have been killed.

165

Thunder, lightning, earth tremors, floods, phases of the moon, comets, birds of prey (hawk, eagle), birth defects, and any appearance of a wolf.

A prophet was a biblical person who God revealed truths to, a soothsayer is a fortune teller

As a cripple, he was made fun of, one day an eagle dropped a wolf pup into his arms and it was interpreted that one day he would be king.

Spirits, vampires, trolls, werewolves, a bunch of weird stuff

When the Romans lit up the countryside to release their fear from the dark

They could pardon any criminal because they were regarded with respect for being able to pledge themselves to purity, which was otherwise unheard of in Rome

Rice porridge

To ward off evil

You have to stay away from the evil of this world