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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List the cells of skeletal muscle from largest to smallest
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Muscle, motor unit, muscle fiber, myofibrils, sarcomere, myofilaments
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Parallel, Pennate, Circular, and Convergent-tringular are examples of?
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Muscle arrangements
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This arrangement has a long axis that is parallel like a strap and an example is sartorius
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Parallel arrangement
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This arrangement is like a feather, oblique and an example is Extensor digitorum longus and deltoid
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Pennate arrangement
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This arrangement is in rings and an example is orbicularis oris and sphincters
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Circular arrangement
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This arrangement is triangular and fan shaped and an example pectoralis major
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Convergent arrangement
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This arrangement is spindle shaped and an example is biceps brachii
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Fusiform
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Occurs in a "power lever" where the effort is farther than the load from the fulcrum
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Mechanical advantage
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Occurs in a "speed lever" where the effort is nearer to the load than the fulcrum
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Mechanical disadvantage
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This is a suprahyoid muscle that has two bellies and forms a "V"
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Digastric
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This is a infrahyoid muscle, three pairs which run circularly in pharynx wall (to swallow)
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Pharyngeal constrictors
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The diaphragm is supplied by the ________
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Phrenic nerve
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Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and the deltoid muscle are all?
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Prime movers of the arm
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The anterior forearm have muscles with long tendons which are anchored into place by?
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flexor retinacula
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The deepest and lowest posterior muscle of the thigh is?
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Quadratus femoris
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3 types of muscle tissue
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Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
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This connective tissue sheath surrounds the whole muscle
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Epimysium
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The epimysium extends beyond the muscle as a tendon or a flat sheet called the?
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Aponeurosis
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Multinucleated cells formed by the fusion of embryonic cells
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Syncytium
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Glycosomes, myoglobin, myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubles are all specialized organelles contained in the?
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Sarcoplasm
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This is a red pigment that stores extra oxygen in muscle tissue?
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Myoglobin
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A section of a myofibril between two successive Z-discs is a
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Sarcomere
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This is the smallest contractile unit of a muscle fiber
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Sarcomere
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This is a series of repeating bands along the length of the myofibril
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Striations
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These striations are dark and have a light midsection called the H-zone
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"A" bands
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These striations are light with a darker midsection called the Z-disc or Z-line
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"I" bands
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The functional units of a muscle are the?
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Sarcomeres
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This fiber is made of the protein called "Nebulin", it anchors the thin filaments and connects each myofibril to the next one
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Z-Disc or Z-Line
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The H-zone is lighter because it lacks?
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Thin filaments
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The bisection of each H-Zone is called the?
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M-line
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Each thick filament is surrounded by how many thin filaments?
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6
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Thick Filaments are made of the protein?
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Myosin
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Actin, Troponin, and tropomyosin are all contained in?
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Thin Filaments
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The elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells is called the?
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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Large perpendicular cross channels of sarcoplasmic reticulum is
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Terminal Cisternae
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These are formed at each A band I band juction where the sarcolemma penetrates into the cell interior to form an elongated tube
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T Tubules
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Each of these form a triad with two terminal cisterna of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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T-Tubules
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The activation of myosin cross bridges
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Contraction
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When the tension generated by the cross bridges on thin filaments exceeds the opposing forces
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Shortening
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The cross bridges become inactive and tension declines
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Relaxation
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Electrical current that stimulated by nerve ending and propagates along the sarcolemma
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Action Potential
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Muscles neurotransmitters
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
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6 steps for process of a contraction
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1 thin filaments slide centrally 2 Z-discs are pulled toward thick filaments 3 distance between Z-discs is reduced 4 I bands shorten 5 H-zones disappear 6. The A-bands move closer together but do not get shorter
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The axons contain small sacs called the ?
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Synaptic vesicles or synaptic knobs which contain the ACh
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Increased Ca+ causes synaptic vesicles to realase Ach into the synaptic clft by way of
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Exocytosis
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Acetylcholinesterase or Cholinesterase does what?
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Prevents continued muscle contractions
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This is the method where the Action potiontial causes sliding of the filaments
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Excitation-Contraction Coupling (E-C Coupling)
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E-C coupling occurs during the?
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latent period
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4 steps of Contraction
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1Cross Bridge formation 2 Working (power) stroke 3 cross bridge detachment 4 cocking of the myosin head
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Cross bridge detachment is caused by the
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bringing of ATP to the myosin head
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The force exerted by a contracting muscle on an object is called
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Muscle Tension
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The opposing force exerted on the muscle by the weight of an object being moved is called the
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Load
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If muscle tension develops but the load is not moved the contraciton is called
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isometric
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Increasing muscle tension is measured in ?
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Isometric contractions
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This occurs when the muscle tension developed overcomes the load and muscle shortening occurs
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Isotonic contraction
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The "amount of shortening" is measured in
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isotonic contractions
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The nerve-muscle functional unit is called the?
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Motor Unit
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What is the all or nothing phenonom?
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When a motor neuron fires, all the muscle fibers it supplies contract
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Three phases of muscle twitch are?
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Latent Period, Period of Contraction, and Relaxation period
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The way a healthy muscle responds with smooth motion is called a?
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Graded muscle response
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Graded response can occur in two ways
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Changing the Frequency of stimulation or Changing the strength of the stimulus
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Changing the Frequency of the stimulation is called?
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wave summation effect
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Changing the Strength of the stimulus is called?
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multiple motor unit summation
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In "wave summation" the second contraction occurs before the first is completely
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Relaxed
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In wave summation muscle tension during the second contraction causes more_____ than the first
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Shortening
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Summation can progress to incomplete (unfused) or
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Complete (fused) tetanus ( a sustained contraction)
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The first observable contraction occurs below threshold voltage no muscle contraction occurs at all
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Threshold stimulus
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When a muscle contracts, ATP provides the energy for cross bridge movement and detachment and for the operation of the ?
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Calcium pump
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3 pathways to regenerate ATP are
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1 Interaction of ADP with Creatime Phosphate (Direct Phosphorylation) 2 Stored glycogen via glycolysis (anaerobic) 2 aerobic respiration (oxidative phosphorylation)
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This is a unique, high energy molecule stored in muscles and supplies energy for synthesis of ATP
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Creatine Phosphate
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The force of muscle contraction is determined by?
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# of fibers stimulated, size of fibers stimulated, frequency of stimulation, and degree of muscle stretch
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Calcium is stored ?
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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The presence of calcium inside the axon terminal causes some of the synaptic vesicles to fuse wiht the axonal membrane and release ACH into the synaptic cleft by
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exocytosis
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Cross birdge attachment to actin requires
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Calcium
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The organ muscle is covered externally by the?
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Epimysium
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This is a discrete bundle of muscle fibers
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Fascicle
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The Fascicle is covered by
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Perimysium
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The muscle fiber is surrounded by
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Endomysium
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The movable bone site where muscle is attached
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Insertation
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The unmovable bone site where muscle is attached
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Origin
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Anything smaller than a muscle cell is an?
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Organelle
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Sarcomeres are made of?
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Myofilament
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A muscle used to imobilize a joint or bone
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Fixator muscle
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When 2 muscles work together
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Synergists
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