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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
True or False: Fungi are Prokaryotes |
False |
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True or False: Yeast are Eukaryotes |
True |
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True or False: Mold are prokaryotes |
False |
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True or False: Mold is unicellular |
False |
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True or False: Yeast is unicellular |
True |
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True or False: Yeast are round |
False |
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True or False: Yeast reproduces by binary fission |
False |
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True or False: Mold reproduces by asexually by spores |
True |
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True or False: Yeast have a nucleus |
True |
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True or False: Ringworm is caused by a yeast |
False |
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True or False: Cryptococcosis is caused by a yeast |
True |
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True or False: Histoplasmosis is caused by a mold |
True |
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True or False: Coccidiomycosis is caused by a yeast |
False |
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Gigi is a 3 month old with itchy, red, circular bald spot on her scalp. Gigi may have |
Tinea captis |
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Lily has hyperpigmentation on her torso and shoulders. Lily may have: |
Tinea versicolor |
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True or False: Tinea versicolor is caused by a mold |
False |
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Sean has scaly, itchy, red spot on his cheeks, chin, and upper neck. The spots crust sometimes fill with pus. Sean may have: |
Tinea Barbae |
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Micheal has red, raised lesions on and around his groin and buttocks. Micheal may have: |
Tinea cruris |
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True or False: Dolly has round, scaly, red lesions on her body. Dolly may have Tinea Versicolor |
False |
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True or False: Tinea is caused by yeast |
False |
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True or False: Resistance to antifungal medications usually develops in Fungi as it does to antibiotics in bacterial populations |
False |
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True or False: Mold reproduces sexually by spores |
False |
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Define Infection |
Invasion or colonization of the body by a pathogenic microbe |
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Define Disease |
Any change from a state of health |
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Define Acute Disease |
Develops rapidly but lasts only a short time |
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Define Chronic Disease |
Develops slowly and is continual or recurrent |
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Define Latent Disease |
The pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active |
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Define Communicable Disease |
Any disease that spreads from one host to another host |
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Define Contagious Disease |
A disease that easily spreads from one host to another host |
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Define Non-Communicable Disease |
A disease that is not spread from one host to another host |
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Define Epidemiology |
The study of where and when disease occurs |
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Define Incidence |
The number of new cases of a disease in a given population or area during a given time period |
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Define Prevalence |
The total number of cases of a disease in a given population or area during a given time period |
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Define Endemic Disease |
A disease that occurs at a relatively stable frequency within a given population or area |
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Define Epidemic Disease |
A disease that occurs at a greater than normal frequency for a given population or area |
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Define Pandemic Disease |
An epidemic that occurs simultaneously on more than one continent |
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Define Sporadic Disease |
Only a few cases of a disease occur |
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Define Etiology |
The cause of infectious diseases |
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What are Koch's Postulates used for? |
To determine the etiology of an infectious disease |
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List Koch's postulates |
1. The same pathogen must be found in every case of the disease 2. The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture 3. The pure culture must cause the same disease when it is inoculated into a healthy host 4. The pathogen must be re-isolated from the host and compared to the pure culture, they must be identical |
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Define sign |
An objective manifestation of disease (can be observed by others) |
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Give an example of a "sign" |
Rash, fever, swelling, vomiting |
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Define Symptom |
Subjective manifestation of disease (felt only by the patient) |
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Give an example of "symptom" |
Dizzy, fatigue, nausea, pain |
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Define Pathogenicity |
The ability of a microbe to cause disease |
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Define Virulence |
The degree of pathogenicity |
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List the three Virulence Factors that increase Virulence of a Pathogen |
1. Extracellular enzymes 2. Toxins 3. Anti-phagocytic factors |
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Define Virulence Toxins |
Chemicals that harm the host or trigger host immune responses that cause damage to the host |
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Define Virulence Toxins |
Chemicals that harm the host or trigger host immune responses that cause damage to the host |
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Name the 2 types of Virulence Toxin |
1. Exotoxin 2. Endotoxin |
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Define Virulence Toxins type: Exotoxin |
Produced by some Gram+ and some Gram- bacteria that secrete into the environment where they are transported throughout the body via the bloodstream |
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The gene to produce exotoxins would be on a _______ NOT in the bacterial chromosome |
Plasmid |
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Define Virulence Toxins type: Endotoxin |
LPS in Gram- bacteria's outer membrane. |
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Define Anti-phagocytic factors |
Decreases phagocytosis |
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Do extracellular enzymes function inside or outside the bacterium? |
Outside of the bacterium |
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What are the 3 types of Exotoxins |
1. Cytotoxins 2. Neurotoxins 3. Enterotoxins |
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Define Cytotoxins |
Kills host cells and affect host cell function |
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Define Neurotoxins |
Interferes with nerve function |
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Define Enterotoxins |
Kills cells that line the GI tract |
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Define Symbiosis |
2 different organisms living together |
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List the 3 types of symbiosis |
1. Mutualism 2. Commenasalism 3. Parasitism |
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Define Mutual Mutualism in Symbiosis |
Both organisms benefit |
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Define Commensalism in Symbiosis |
One organism benefits, the other is not affected |
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Define Parasitism on Symbiosis |
One organism benefits, the other organism is harmed |
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Define reservoir of infectious disease |
Sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection |
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List 3 reservoirs of infectious disease |
1. Animal reservoirs 2. Human Carriers 3. Non-living Reservoirs |
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List 3 reservoirs of infectious disease |
1. Animal reservoirs 2. Human Carriers 3. Non-living Reservoirs |
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List 2 portals of Entry for microbes |
1. Broken skin 2. Mucous membranes |
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What is the most commonly used portal of entry for microbes? |
Respiratory tract |
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Describe how pathogens exit their human host? |
Usually exit the same way they enter but can exit via secretion like urine, feces, nasal secretions |
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Define biofilms |
Forms when bacteria adhere to surfaces in aqueous environments and begin to excrete a slimy, glue-like substance that can anchor them to a variety of materials |
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Describe biofilms formation |
Having fimbrae, flagella, and a waxy wall increase the formation of biofilms |
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Give examples of biofilms (5) |
1. Dental plaque 2. Cystic fibrosis patient lung infections 3. Urinary tract infections 4. Otitis media (ear infections) 5. Endocarditis of the heart valves |
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List the order of stages in infectious diseases |
1. Incubation period 2. Prodromal period 3. Illness 4. Decline 5. Convalscence |
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During which stage of infectious desiease are signs and symptoms the most evident |
During the Illness stage |
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Define Transmission of Infectious disease |
How pathogens get from a reservoir or portal of exit to a portal of entry of a new host |
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List three modes of Infectious disease |
1. Contact transmission 2. Vehicle transmission 3. Vector transmission |
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What are the 3 types of Contact Transmission |
1. Direct Contact Transmission 2. Indirect Contact Transmission 3. Droplet Transmission |
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Define Direct Contact Transmission |
Person to person transmission via body contact between hosts (touch, sex, kiss, handshake) |
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Define Indirect Contact Transmission |
Person to person transmission via a fomite (inanimate object like tissue, money, utensils) |
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Define Droplet Contact Transmission |
Person to person transmission via oral or nasal secretions (cough, sneeze, usually travels from 3 feet away) |
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Name 4 types of Vehicle Transmission |
1. Airborne Transmission 2. Waterborne Transmission 3. Foodborne Transmission 4. Body Fluid Transmission |
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Define Airborne Vehicle Transmission |
The pathogen travels in the air, is resistant to drying and can survive outside the host for extended periods of time. Enters via the Respiratory tract |
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Define Waterborne Vehicle Transmission |
The pathogen is transmitted via contaminated water. Can be fecal contamination of water |
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Define Foodborne Vehicle Transmission |
The pathogen is transmitted via poorly processed food, poor handled food |
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Define Body Fluid Vehicle Transmission |
The pathogen is transmitted via blood, urine, saliva, etc. |
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Name the 2 types of Vector Transmission |
1. Biological Vector 2. Mechanical Vector |
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Define Biological Vector Transmission |
An arthropod actively participates in this pathogens transmission. (Mosquito, tick, flea, lice) Ex: Lyme disease and Malaria |
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Define Mechanical Vector Transmission |
An arthropod passively carries the pathogen to the host. (Flies, roaches) They carry pathogens on their feet and deposit them elsewhere |
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Define HAI |
Infections acquired from a Healthcare environment |
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What is the most common site for HAI? (4) |
1. Catheter associated urinary tract infection (most common) 2. Central-line associated bloodstream infection 3. Pneumonia 4. C.difficile |
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What can be done to reduce HAI? (8) |
1. Handwashing 2. Good housekeeping 3. Personal protective equipment 4. Using disposables 5. Disposing of contaminated materials properly. 6. Isolate patients if needed 7. Educate staff, patients, visitors 8. Use antibiotics properly |
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What preventive measure can reduce HAI by 50%? |
Hand washing |