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330 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Parietal cortex is a part of which system?
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Attention
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Frontal eye fields are part of which system?
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Attention
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Intraparietal area/sulcus is part of which system?
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Attention
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Middle temporal cortex is part of which system?
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Attention
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Anterior cingulate is part of which system?
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Attention
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DLPFC is part of which system?
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Attention
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mPFC is part of which system?
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Attention
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Spatial hemineglect occurs on which side of which brain lobe?
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Right side of parietal lobe and medial temporal lobe
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Spatial hemineglect misses things on which side of space?
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Left
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In eye tracking light is coming in from ____ side and directing attn to ____ side.
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Left; Right
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Parietaltemporal lesions occur on which side of the brain?
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Right
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Direct attn - where gaze is pointed -- Overt or Covert Attn?
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Overt
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Involve saccades -- Overt or Covert Attn?
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Overt
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Direct/voluntary eye movements to a particular point in space?
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Saccades
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Shifting this attention results in eye movements -- Overt or Covert Attn?
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Overt
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Uses the corner of the eye -- Overt or Covert Attn?
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Covert
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Uses the peripheral retina -- Overt or Covert Attn?
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Covert
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Can be directed at a point in space -- Overt or Covert Attn?
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Covert
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Not associated with eye movements -- Overt or Covert Attn?
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Covert
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Shifting this attention is primarily unintentional -- Overt or Covert Attn?
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Covert
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Monkey dot probe task uses what part of the brain?
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Inferior temporal cortex
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In the monkey dot probe task--what happened when overt attention was in the center and covert attention was to the L side and red?
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Neural activity
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In the monkey dot probe task--what happened when overt attention was in the center and covert attention was to the R side and green?
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No neural activity
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In the monkey dot probe task--what happened when overt and covert attention occurred at the same time and was asked to shift covert attention to L side?
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Neural activity
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In the monkey dot probe task--what happened when overt and covert attention occurred at the same time and was asked to shift covert attention to R side?
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Less neural activity
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In the human dot probe task--what happened when target was at cued location?
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Faster reaction time
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In the human dot probe task--what happened when target was at uncued location?
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Slower reaction time
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____ shifts to emotional faces depending on salience--Covert or Overt Attention?
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Covert
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Which task reveals salient concepts?
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Stroop Task
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Distraction of words cause slower or faster reaction time?
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Slower reaction time
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The affective stroop task is involved in which part of the brain?
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Anterior cingulate cortex
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Areas of the cingulate do more cognitive things--true or false?
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TRUE
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Standard Stroop -- uses the _____ and ______ parts of the brain and that looks at cognition or emotional responses?
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dorsal; posterior; cognition
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Affective Stroop -- uses the _____ and ______ parts of the brain and that looks at cognition or emotional responses?
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ventral; anterior; emotional
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Individuals will respond to a given portion of the visual field--true or false?
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TRUE
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Attention modulation is involved in which part of the brain?
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Middle temporal cortex--past lateral sulcus
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Which resulted in the highest neural response - preferred stimulus/nonpreferred stimulus/both in visual field AND eye on preferred/nonpreferred/not directly on it?
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Preferred; eye not directly on it
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Which resulted in the 2nd highest neural response - preferred stimulus/nonpreferred stimulus/both in visual field AND eye on preferred/nonpreferred/not directly on it?
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Both in visual field; eye on preferred
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Which resulted in the 3rd highest neural response - preferred stimulus/nonpreferred stimulus/both in visual field AND eye on preferred/nonpreferred/not directly on it?
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Both in visual field; eye not directly on either
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Which resulted in the 4th highest neural response - preferred stimulus/nonpreferred stimulus/both in visual field AND eye on preferred/nonpreferred/not directly on it?
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Both in visual field; eye on nonpreferred
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Which resulted in the 5th highest neural response - preferred stimulus/nonpreferred stimulus/both in visual field AND eye on preferred/nonpreferred/not directly on it?
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Nonpreferred in visual field; eye not on it
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Sustained attention involves which part of the brain?
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Prefrontal cortex
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In sustained attention--LC projects to what 2 brain regions via Na channels?
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Basal Forebrain and Thalamus
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In sustained attention--the basal forebrain projects to what brain regions via Ach channels?
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Anterior attention system, Posterior attention system, and sensory areas
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In sustained attention--the thalamus projects to what brain regions via Ach channels?
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Posterior attention system; Sensory areas
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In ADHD behavior in animals--which N/T is blocked in the PFC? And where in the PFC?
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Dopamine; Dorsal and Medial
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Increased arousal lead increased or decreased attention?
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Increased attention
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Bilateral damage to what brain region results in decreased activation and decreased conscious responding to sounds?
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Auditory cortex
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What is sensitivity to pain called?
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Algesia
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Excessive pain is called what?
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Hyperalgesia
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Hyperalgesia has increased or decreased sensitivity of pain receptors?
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Increased
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Normally innocuous stimuli become painful is called?
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Allodynia
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Give an example of allodynia:
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Fibromyalgia
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The selective supression of pain without effects of consciousness and other sensations is called?
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Analgesia
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The congenital insensitivity to pain is called?
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Congenital analgesia
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Molecular level issue with nociceptors or within CNS occurs because of?
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Selective loss of unmyelinated fibers
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What is used as real anchors for pain rating scales?
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Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale
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________ results from series of closely related cation channels each with specific temperature ranges that lead to the probability of opening
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Temperature sensitivity
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Pain can result from different temperatures--true or false?
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TRUE
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What are 3 things enmeshed in the same system?
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Temperature, Pain, and Itch
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What is the lowest threshold of temperature when pain can occur?
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55F/15C
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When is the highest threshold of temperature when pain can occur?
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112F/45C
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Letters of pain fibers depend on what?
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Diameter of axons of fibers
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Bigger, thicker, and myelinated fibers are faster or slower in pain transmission?
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Faster
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Smaller, skinnier, unmyelinated fibers are faster or slower in pain transmission?
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Slower
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Faster or slower pain transmission occurs because of what?
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Saltatory conduction
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Describe the process of getting cut in pain transmission
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PIC
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In pain transmission, neurons go up the arm and into where?
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Spinal Cord
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In pain transmission, after neurons go up the arm into Spinal Cord they do what?
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Synapse on ascending T cells
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In pain transmission, after neurons synapse on ascending T cells they do what?
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Send neurons to thalamus
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In pain transmission, information comes into the spinal cord through where?
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Dorsal root ganglion
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In pain transmission, information that comes through dorsal root ganglion does what?
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Synapses, crosses over, and goes up spinal cord
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In pain transmission, after info continues to go up spinal cord, then what?
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Neurons synapse in reticular formation
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In pain transmission, neurons synapsing in reticular formation are doing what?
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Pain is increasing arousal
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Reticular formation involves what?
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Arousal/alertness
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In pain transmission, after neurons synapse in the RF, then what do they do?
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They project to limbic regions (ACC)
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In pain transmission, projections to the limbic regions (ACC) do what?
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Lead to attention and emotional/affective responses to pain
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In pain transmission, after projections to limbic regions (ACC) then what?
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Interact with amygdala and hippcampus for memory
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In pain transmission, after interacting with the amygdala and hippocampus, then what?
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Projects to somatosensory cortex to localize pain
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First order neurons in pain and temperature pathway?
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Primary afferent neurons
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Primary afferent neurons have cell bodies where?
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Dorsal root ganglion
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A fibers are for what?
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Pain and temperature
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A fibers are felt when?
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Within ~0.1 seconds
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A fibers cause what kind of pain?
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Delta pain
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C fibers are for what?
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Pain, temperature, and itch
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What fibers cause dull, achy pain?
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C fibers
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What fibers cause instant pain?
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A fibers
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Different classes of nerve fibers can be selectively blocked--true or false?
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TRUE
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AB fiber stimulation leads to depress pain transmission signals--true or false?
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TRUE
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Inhibition of pain transmission occurs through what fiber stimulation?
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AB
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Local lateral inhibition of spinal cord is involved in inhibition of pain transmission--true or false?
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TRUE
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Where is the pain processing area?
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PAG
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Where does the body inhibit pain in an emergency?
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PAG
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PAG stimulation leads to what?
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Analgesia
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HT, Amygdala, and Cortex are involved in inputs regarding behavioral state--true or false?
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TRUE
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PAG is involved in what for the descending pathway in pain?
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Raphe Nuclei
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In pain pathway, PAG efferents project to what 2 things?
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Raphe Nuclei and RF
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In pain pathway, superficial laminae of posterior horn involves what 2 brain regions?
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Raphe Nuclei and RF
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Suppression of pain transmission happens by?
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Spinothalamic neuron
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Pain in 2 surface areas at same time is called?
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Referred pain
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Dual transmission of referred pain occurs in what 2 pathways?
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Referred visceral pathway and direct parietal pathway
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Brain region from neighboring cortex invades space of missing limb is called?
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Phantom pain
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What are the main brain regions of Sex?
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VTA, NA, Amygdala, HT, Septal Nuclei
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What is the main neurotransmitter during sex?
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Dopamine
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What are the main hormones during sex?
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Estrogens, Androgens, Oxytocin, Prolactin
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White bumps on the brain are called?
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Superior and inferior colliculi
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Another name for the superior and inferior colloculi
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Tectum
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Canal of spinal fluid is where?
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Below tectum
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Tegmentum is where?
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Below tectum
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Bottom floor of tegmentum is called?
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VTA
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VTA sends projections to?
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NA
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VTA --> NA is what system?
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Reward system/incentive salience system
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What is between caudate and putamen?
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General striate
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What is another name for NA?
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Ventral Striatum
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Why is it called the ventral striatum?
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Because of ventral portion of striatum
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What is involved in the mesolimbic dopamine system and reward?
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VTA sends dopamine projections --> NA
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What is involved in reward processing?
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NA
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What receives dopamine projections from VTA?
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NA
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How does NA connect to Amygdala?
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NA --> ST and Ventroamygdalofugal pathway --> Amygdala
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NA connecting to Amygdala means what?
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Fear and reward processing go together
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What is the anterior bit of septum?
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Septal Nuclei
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What contacts Septal Nuclei?
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Fornix
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Where does Septal Nuclei sit?
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Above NA
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Where is the other bit of septum?
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Mamillary bodies for memroy processing
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Electrical stimulation of Septal Nuclei (in humans) results in what 3 things?
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Pleasure response, degrees of sexual arousal, compulsion to masturbate
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Sexual Motivation are separate or interacting processes?
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Both
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Distraction/stress increase or decrease drive?
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Decrease
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Paralysis inhibits performance--true or false?
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TRUE
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Fear inhibits erection performance via what?
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SNS activation
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Neurovascular issues in sex inhibits erection performance--it can be reversed by what?
|
Viagra on nitric oxide
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Hormone deficiency inhibits what?
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Performance and motivation
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Stimulation of genitals leads to what?
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Spinal cord reflexes (orgasms/contraction of muscles)
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Decreased brain stem processes result in?
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Increased reflexes
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HPG Axis is used for what?
|
Managing hormones and menstrual cycle
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Estrogens sensitize what?
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Lordosis (increase blood flow to genitals)
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Androgens sensitize what?
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Erections via Medial preoptic area of HT
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Erections are sensitized via what?
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Medial preoptic area of HT
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What 2 things inhibit the amygdala in sex?
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Sexual stimulation and orgasm
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Medial preoptic area of HT sends projects where?
|
Down neurons into midbrain and up projections come in through from flanks
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Orgasm activates what?
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VTA --> NA
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L-DOPA does what in sex?
|
Intensify orgasms and sexual addiction
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Etoh does what in sex?
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Increases subjective arousal and decreases physiological response
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What two hormones are elevated after orgasm and inhibit further sex activity?
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Oxytocin and Prolactin
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This hormone has large quantities at birth and used for mother-infant bonding:
|
Oxytocin
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This hormone is in mamillary glands to produce milk for breast feeding:
|
Prolactin
|
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What hormone is used in pair bonding?
|
Oxytocin
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|
Social pair bonding is difference in oxytocing receptors where?
|
VTA and NA
|
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Medroxyprogesterone cross bind to receptors for?
|
Testosterone
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Androgens suppresses motivation in what?
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Sexually naive animals
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What are the main brain regions are involved in drugs?
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VTA, NA, Dorsal Raphe
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What are the main neurotransmitters are involved in drugs?
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Dopamine, 5HT, NE, and Adenosine (honorable mention)
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What peptides are involved in drugs?
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Endongenous opiates
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Which 2 drugs are a dopamine transport antagonist?
|
Cocaine and Ritalin
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Antagonist means inhibiting reuptake of N/T and leaving more in synapse--true or false?
|
TRUE
|
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Where are the sites of action in cocaine?
|
Olfactory bulb, D1 and D2 receptors in VTA --> NA, mPFC
|
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Ritalin brain response at 20 minutes is cocaine's brain response at what time?
|
8 minutes
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Which drug has sharp peak and same subjective high as quantity?
|
Cocaine
|
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Which drug declines ~ 40 minutes?
|
Cocaine
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Which drug is still pretty high ~ 40 minutes?
|
Ritalin
|
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What are the fastest methods of cocaine concentration?
|
IV and Smoked
|
|
Amphetamine releases what N/T?
|
NE
|
|
Releasing NE leads to what?
|
Arousal/alertness
|
|
Amphetamine binds to what N/T receptors?
|
5HT
|
|
Amphetamine binding to 5HT receptors causes what?
|
Calming effect
|
|
Amphetamine is associated with active release of what N/T in the NA?
|
Dopamine
|
|
What are the sites of action for amphetamine?
|
D1 and D2 in NA
|
|
Ecstasy triggers activation of what brain region?
|
VTA
|
|
Ecstasy blocks reuptake of what N/T?
|
5HT
|
|
5HT is mostly gone after how many weeks since using MDMA?
|
2 weeks
|
|
5HT is still not all back after how long since using MDMA?
|
7 years
|
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Ecstasy increases risk for what clinical disorder?
|
Chronic depression
|
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What are the opiates?
|
Heroin, morphine, oxycodone, oxycontin
|
|
What mimics natural endorphins and enkaphalins?
|
Opiates
|
|
What inhibits pain via spinal cord and PAG?
|
Opiates
|
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Immodium is an opiate agonist or antagonist?
|
Agonist
|
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What produces euphoria effect on VTA and NA?
|
Opiates
|
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What are the sites of action for Opiates?
|
Lateral HT --> NA (delta opiate receptor), hippocampus (mu opiate receptor), NA (delta opiate receptor)
|
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Overuse of L-DOPA can lead to what?
|
Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
|
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Dopamine dysregulation syndrome increases or decreases opiate binding?
|
Decreases
|
|
L-DOPA increases or decreases binding of dopamine receptors and NA activation?
|
Increases
|
|
What N/T is involved in caffeine?
|
Adenosine
|
|
What N/T inhibits neurons when binding to its receptor?
|
Adenosine
|
|
What N/T increases sleep drive?
|
Adenosine
|
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What N/T binds to dopamine neurons?
|
Adenosine
|
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Caffeine binds to what receptors and blocks its action?
|
Adenosine
|
|
What are positive symptoms of SCZ?
|
Hallucinations, Delusions
|
|
What are negative symptoms of SCZ?
|
Impaired cognition, blunted affect
|
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Brain volume is decreased in SCZ by how much?
|
3-4%
|
|
Hippocampal volume increases or decreases in SCZ?
|
Decreases
|
|
Cells or organized or disorganized in SCZ?
|
Disorganized
|
|
Ventricles are very _____ in patients with SCZ with _____ outcome?
|
Enlarged; poor
|
|
Ventricles are slightly _____ in patients with SCZ with _____ outcome?
|
Enlarged; good
|
|
SCZ is associated with excessive amounts of what N/T?
|
Dopamine
|
|
Rx that's used for SCZ TX antagonize dopamine receptor binding--true or false?
|
TRUE
|
|
L-DOPA can cause hallucinations and delusions--true or false?
|
TRUE
|
|
What can cause SCZ-like symptoms n HC or make SCZ worse?
|
Amphetamine
|
|
What is used to treat amphetamine-induced psychosis?
|
Antipsychotics
|
|
What are the primary motor symptoms of PD?
|
Resting tremor, bradkinesia (slow mvmt), rigidity, and postural instability
|
|
What are other motor symptoms of PD?
|
Freezing, non-expressive faces, unwanted motor movements
|
|
What are the early (leading) symptoms of PD?
|
Loss of smell sensation and REM behavior disorder
|
|
REM behavior disorder causes what?
|
Acting out dreams
|
|
REM behavior disorder is a result of body not inhibiting what N/T?
|
GABA
|
|
What houses a majority of dopamine producing cells?
|
Substania Nigra
|
|
Basal ganglia's ______ pathway includes subthalamic nucleus:
|
Indirect
|
|
Decreased subthalamic nucleus cells results in increased or decreased activation of cortex?
|
Decreased
|
|
What do patients with MPTP-induced Parkinson's respond to that doesn't work in PD?
|
Fetal dopaminergic transplants
|
|
DBS of what brain area is used in PD?
|
Subthalamic nucleus and Globus Pallidus (internal)
|
|
What are the basic symptoms of AD?
|
Progressive cognitive decline, memory loss, disorientation, confusion, emotion and behavioral changes, social withdrawal, difficulty moving, walking, swallowing
|
|
AD is associated with structural degeneration of what?
|
Gross brain decrease and decreased WMI (DTI)
|
|
What are 2 things involved as potential causes for AD?
|
Beta amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
|
|
What N/T deficits are seen in AD?
|
Acetylcholine
|
|
What recycles acetylcholine?
|
Choline acetyl transferase (chAT)
|
|
Decrease in chAT results in decreased _______ production from precursors
|
Acetylcholine
|
|
What is a commonly used RX for treating AD?
|
Aricept
|
|
How does Aricept work in AD?
|
Inhibits acetylcholinesterase
|
|
What hormone increases sleep and responds to darkness?
|
Melatonin
|
|
What hormone decreases when you sleep?
|
Cortisol
|
|
What decreases when you sleep and is involved with the reflex of metabolism and energy?
|
Core body temperature
|
|
Cell from where have their own rhythm, even outside the brain?
|
Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the HT
|
|
Do all cells from the SCN of the HT have the same rhythm?
|
No
|
|
Cells that are free running run at a rate that is greater than 24 hours--true or false?
|
TRUE
|
|
What are cues to reentrain the SCN and rhythms to the day? (aka time givers)
|
Zeitgebers
|
|
What happens to rats in days 1-10 when you give them a zeitgeber?
|
Lights off --> rats active because they are nocturnal; lights on --> rats go to sleep (greater activity at night)
|
|
What happens in rats in days 11-20 when they have constant darknessa and no zeitgeber? Why?
|
Day 11 - activity cycle pushes back a little; each day after the rats wake up later and later; b/c SCN is taking over
|
|
What are examples of zeitgebers?
|
Frequent, full spectrum sunlight, meals, clocks
|
|
Are Zeitgebers 24 hours?
|
No because amount of day light is always changing
|
|
What promotes arousal/alertness in sleep?
|
Hypocretin/Orexin
|
|
Narcolepsy is caused by what?
|
Decreased H/O (destruction of H/O cells)
|
|
HT H/O neurons project to where in sleep?
|
Locus ceruleus (NE) and Dorsal Raphe (5HT)
|
|
Numbness/stupor?
|
Narcolepsy
|
|
Sleep attack?
|
Hypnolepsy
|
|
Loss of muscle tone to fall over?
|
Cataplexy
|
|
Triggered by strong positive emotions:
|
Narcolepsy w/ Cataplexy
|
|
What prevents motor inhibition in sleep?
|
H/O exciting the LC and DR --> exciting motor neurons
|
|
What neurons fire during waking?
|
Histamine
|
|
Blocking what receptors in the HT results in increased sleep, decreased arousal, and decreased vigilance?
|
Histamine
|
|
What 2 N/T inhibit dorsalateral pons in acetylcholine?
|
5HT and NE
|
|
Decreased inhibition of 5HT and NE leads to activation of acetylcholine, what does activation of this result in/what would be inhibited if 5HT and NE were not inhibited?
|
PGO waves, REM sleep, Cortical desynchrony of REM, and muscular paralysis
|
|
Ascending pain tracts activate the RF, which in turn increases what?
|
Arousal, alertness, and LC (NE)
|
|
What competes with sleep in ARAS?
|
Pain
|
|
Increases ARAS during sleep leads to increases in what?
|
Arousal
|
|
Amphetamine results in increase or decrease of arousal?
|
Increase
|
|
Can PGO waves still be generated without REM sleep? If so, how?
|
Yes; they inhibit 5HT and NE
|
|
Big peaks in EEG's mean what?
|
Coordinated rhythmic firing
|
|
What 2 things have very similar sleep stages?
|
REM sleep and waking
|
|
What are the stages of sleep?
|
Beta, Alpha, Non-Rem 1, Non-REM 2 and 3, Non-REM 4, REM
|
|
When do PGO waves occur?
|
During REM sleep
|
|
What is partially responsible for REM?
|
PGO waves
|
|
What accounts for emotional tone in dreams?
|
Geniculate --> Amygdala projections
|
|
What 3 things inhibit motor neurons (acting out in dreams) during REM?
|
Brainstem, spinal GABA, Glycine
|
|
When do most dreams occur?
|
During REM sleep
|
|
What can happen if people wake up in the midde of REM sleep?
|
Hypnogogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis
|
|
What kind of sleep apnea results in airway obstructions by decreased muscle tone in tongue or muscles around airway during sleep?
|
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
|
|
What happens when motor inhibition does not occur during sleep?
|
Acting out dreams, sleep walking, other sleep behaviors, REM sleep behavior disorder
|
|
Sleep disorder is associated with increased suicidal behaviors in patients when compared to psychiatric d/o + sleep d/o?
|
TRUE
|
|
Sleep apnea occurs in what percentage of adults?
|
3 - 28%
|
|
What are the 2 types of sleep apnea?
|
Central Sleep Apnea and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
|
|
Which sleep apnea is less common?
|
Central Sleep Apnea
|
|
Which sleep apnea is more common?
|
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
|
|
Which sleep apnea is associated with stroke and opioid use?
|
Central Sleep Apnea
|
|
Which sleep apnea is more prevalent in people that snore?
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Which sleep apnea is more prevalent in men?
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Which sleep apnea is more prevalent in overweight people?
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Which sleep apnea is more prevalent in older people?
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea
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Symptoms of gasping, choking, and frequent arousals from sleep are indicative of what?
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Sleep Apnea
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What leads to disrupted sleep and frequent decrease in O2 in the brain?
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Symptoms of Sleep Apnea
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What is the typical percentage of O2 brain saturation?
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>90%
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Decreased blood/oxygen saturation means what?
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Not enough oxygen to the brain
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What is the device used during sleep apnea that pushes streams of air through nose and mouth?
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CPAP
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What is the device used during sleep apnea where air pressure pushes against the collapse of the airway to keep it open?
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CPAP
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What leads to predisposition of depression?
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Decreased 5HT neurotransmission
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What reverses depressive symptoms?
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Increased 5HT neurotransmission
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Decreases in what lead to decreases in 5HT synthesis in depression?
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Tryptophan
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Are there gender differences in decreased tryptophan leading to decreased 5HT synthesis?
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Yes, but they both still decrease in brain
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Decreased tryptophan can induce transient depressive mood in who?
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Remitted depressives
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Does decreased dose of acute tryptophan depletion result in any change in HC, depressives, etc?
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No
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Increased does of acute tryptophan depletion results in what?
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Changes in post, pre, and +24hrs
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What is the family of neurotransmitters and what N/T does it include?
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Monamines; 5HT, NE, Melatonin, Dopamine, and Others
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What drug targets monamines, including 5HT and NE?
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MAOI's
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What drug was the 1st antidepressant discovered?
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MAOI's
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What drug is the inhibitor of MAO?
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MAOI's
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What breaks down monoamines?
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MAO
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What drug has increased side effects because it's working on all monamines?
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MAOI's
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What is the other enzyme with MAO?
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COMT
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What drug blocks reuptake (antagonist) of 5HT?
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SSRI's
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What drug blocks reuptake (antagonist) of 5HT and NE?
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SNRI's
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What are caveats for 5HT hypothesis?
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1) Decreased tryptophan doesn't always decrease mood (even in indivduals at risk for depression)--in fact, some can have mood elevation; 2) 5HT neurotransmission increases quickly after SSRI TX, but clinical improvements can be delayed by several weeks
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What is the family of hormones and what does it include?
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Glucocorticoids; Cortisol, Corticosterone, and their prescursors
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What 2 hormones are secreted in the adrenal cortex?
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Cortisol and Corticosterone
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Which hypothesis states that cortisol is the enemy, and stressful experiences --> too much cortisol secretion --> going back to brain to bind to receptors and shut off but instead increased cortisol damages those cells?
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Glucocorticoid Cascase Hypothesis
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There is increased cortisol in people with depression--true or false?
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TRUE
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Cortisol receptors are downregulated in depression--true or false?
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TRUE
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What increases dendritic length in the Amygdala?
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Acute cortisol
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What are the 2 main receptors in the Corticoid Receptor Hypothesis?
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Glucocorticoid receptor and Mineralcorticoid receptor
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Which receptor in cortisol is slow?
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Glucocorticoid receptor
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Which receptor in cortisol is fast?
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Mineralcorticoid receptor
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In depressed patients, Glucocorticoid receptors are decreased in what 2 areas of the brain?
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PFC and Hippocampus
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What is downregulated in multiple psychiatric disorders?
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Glucocorticoid receptors
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Which hypothesis states that receptors in brain are less sensitive to cortisol?
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Corticoid Receptor Hypothesis
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In the Dexmethasone/CRH suppression test, was Dexmethasone enough in depressed patients to inhibit CRH?
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No
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Dexmethasone increases or decreases the HPA axis?
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Decreases
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CRH increases or decreases HPA Axis?
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Increases
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What needs to be inhibited in order to decrease cortisol levels?
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CRH neurons
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In healthy controls, when you give cortisol and induce sadness does the cortisol suppress or not suppress the subgenual cingulate?
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Suppress
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In depressed patients, when you give cortisol and induce sadness does the cortisol suppress or not suppress the subgenual cingulate? What does this mean?
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Not suppress; cortisol is not doing it's job and the receptors are downgraded
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What is the best treatment for depression? What percentage of reduction in symptoms do you see?
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Combination therapy; 50 - 60%
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What is close to 40% reduction in depressive symptoms? What does this mean?
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Placebo; Actual disease and treatment process are working in the same place
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Where is cortisol secreted?
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Adrenal cortex
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Where is N/E secreted?
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Adrenal medulla
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What 2 brain regions have reciprocal projections?
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Amygdala and PFC
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In Amygdala fear conditioning, what group(s) freeze when shocked?
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Both paired and unpaired groups
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In Amygdala fear conditioning, what group(s) freeze when tone only?
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Paired group
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What 3 brain regions are associated with fear conditioning in anxiety disorders?
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mPFC, Hippocampus, Amygdala
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What does the mPFC do in fear conditioning in anxiety disorders?
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Mediates extinction and memory of extinction
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What does the hippocampus do in fear conditioning?
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Puts together contextual cues that predict the UCS
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What does the amygdala do in fear conditioning?
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UCS is associated with CS which leads to freezing behaviors and outputs down the ventroamygdalofugal pathway
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In fear conditioning and extinction, what is there a decrease in when the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of an aversive US
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Conditioned fear response (CR)
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In fear conditioning and extinction, what is encoded in the amygdala permanently?
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CS and US pairing
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In fear conditioning and extinction, what forms a new memory, competes with original memory, and involved in retention and expression in the mPFC?
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Extinction
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In fear conditioning and extinction, retention and expression from extinction is found in what brain region?
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mPFC
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What leads to transient suppression of fear?
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Extinction
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CR can return if the CS is presented in similar or different extinction?
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Different
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What disorder is a result of inconsistent cortisol and cortisol that doesn't match subjective anxiety?
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Panic disorder
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In panic disorder, there is less novelty, meaning increased perceived control and increased active coping because of what?
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Decreased cortisol
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What leads to panic attacks in patients with anxiety disorders?
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Epinephrine infusion
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What symptoms are a result of epinephrine infusion?
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Hyperventilation, increased heart rate, and increased blood pressure
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What is the main type of RX used for anxiety disorders?
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Anxiolytics
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What other type of RX works for anxiety disorders (besides anxiolytics)?
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SSRI's
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Benzodiazapenes GABA agonists or antagonists? Why?
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Agonists
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Beta-blocers are epinephrine/NE agonists or antagonists?
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Antagonists
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