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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
• Diversion
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The halting or suspension, before conviction, of formal criminal proceedings against a person, conditioned on some form of counter performance by the defendant
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• Counter performance
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The defendant’s participation, in exchange for diversion, in a treatment, counseling, or educational program aimed at changing the behavior
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• Victimless crime
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offense committed against the social values and interests represented in and protected by the criminal law, and in which parties willingly participate
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• Unconditional diversion
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termination of criminal processing at any point before adjunction with no threat of later prosecution. Treatment, counseling, and other services are offered and use is voluntary
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• Conditional diversion
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diversion in which charges are dismissed if the defendant satisfactorily completes treatment, counseling, or other programs ordered by the justice system
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• Probation
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the conditional release of a convicted offender into the community, under the supervision of a probation officer. It is conditional because it can be revoked if certain conditions are not met
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• Recidivism
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the repetition of criminal behavior; generally defined as a rearrest. It is the primary outcome measure for probation, as it is for all corrections programs
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• Working alliance
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an effective relationship between a change agent and a client, with negotiated goals and a mutual willingness to compromise when necessary to meet the goals or to maintain a viable relationship
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• Cognitive behavior treatment
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a problem-focused intervention that emphasizes skill training
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• Case investigation
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the first major role of probation officers consisting of interviewing the defendant and preparing the pre sentence report
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• Supervision
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the second major role of probation officers, consisting of resource mediation, surveillance, and enforcement
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• Revocation hearing
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a due process hearing that must be conducted to determine whether the conditions of probation have been violated before probation can be revoked and the offender removed from the community
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• Technical violation
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a failure to comply with the conditions of probation
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• Absconding
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fleeing with permission of the jurisdiction in which the offender is require to stay
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• New offense violation
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the arrest and prosecution for the commission of a new crime
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• Intermediate Sanctions
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new punishment options developed to fill the gap between traditional probation and traditional jail or prison sentences and to better math the severity of punishment to the seriousness of the crime
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• Community corrections
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a philosophy of correctional treatment that embraces (1) decentralization of authority (2) citizen participation, (3) redefinition of the population of offenders for who incarceration is most appropriate, and (4) emphasis on rehabilitation through community programs
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• Front end programs
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punishment options for initial sentences more restrictive than traditional probation but less restrictive than jail or prison
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• Back end programs
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sanctions that move offenders from high levels of control to lower ones for the final phase of their sentences
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• Trap door / side door programs
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emergency release options for special docket offenders, generally used to relieve prison crowding
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• Net widening
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increasing the number of offenders sentenced to a high level of restriction. It results in sentencing offenders to more restrictive sanctions then their offenses and characteristics warrant
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• Intensive supervision probation (ISP)
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control of offenders in the community under strict conditions, by means of frequent reporting to a probation officer whose caseload is generally limited to 30 offenders
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• Drug court
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a special court that is given responsibility to treat, sanction, and reward drug offenders with punishment more restrictive than regular probation but less severe than incarceration
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• Fine
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a financial penalty used as a criminal sanction
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• Day fine
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a financial penalty scaled both to the defendants ability to pay and the seriousness of the crime
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• Community service
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a sentence to serve a specified number of hours working in unpaid positions with non profit or tax-supported agencies
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• Day reporting center (DRC)
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a community correction center to which an offender reports every day or several days a week for supervision and treatment
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• Remote location monitoring
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devices used to remotely monitor the physical location of an offender
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• Residential community center (RCC)
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a medium security correctional setting that resident offenders are permitted to leave regularly – unaccompanied by staff) – for work, education, or vocational programs, in the community but require them to return to a locked facility each evening
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• Boot camp
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a short institutional term of confinement that includes a physical regimen designed to develop self-discipline, respect for authority, responsibility, and a sense of accomplishment
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• Community Corrections Acts (CCAs)
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state laws that give economic grants to local communities to establish community corrections goals and policies and to develop and operate community corrections programs
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• Rabble management
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control of people whose noncriminal behavior is offensive to their communities
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• First generation jail
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multiple occupancy cells or dorms that line corridors arranged like spokes. Inmate supervision is intermittent, staff must patrol the corridors to observe inmates in their cells
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• Second generation jail
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staff remain in a secure control booth surrounded by inmate housing areas called pods and surveillance is remote
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• Third generation/direct supervision jail
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inmates are housed in small groups, or pods, staffed 24 hours a day by specially trained officers. Officers interact with inmates to help change behavior. Bars and metal doors are absent, reducing noise and dehumanization
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• Fourth generation jail
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incorporates natural light into the dayroom where staff work and inmates spend most of their day, and brings program services, staff, volunteers, and visitors to the housing unit
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• Sexual victimization
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all types of sexual activity
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• Rated capacity
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maximum number of beds or inmates allocated to each jail facility by a state or local rating official
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• Pay to stat or self pay jail
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alternative to serving time in a county jail. Offenders convicted of minor offense are offered privileges for a fee per day
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• Privatization
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contract process that shifts public functions, responsibilities, and capital assets, in whole or in part, from the public sector to the private sector
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• Reentry
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transition offenders make from prison or jail to the community
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• Jail accreditation
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process through which correctional facilities and agencies can measure themselves against nationally adopted standards through which they can receive formal recognition and accredited status
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• Penitentiary
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the earliest form of large scale incarceration. It punished criminals by isolating them so that they could reflect on their misdeeds, repent, and reform
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• Pennsylvania system (separate system)
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first historical phase of prison discipline, involving solitary confinement in silence instead of corporal punishment; conceived by the American Quakers in 1790 and implemented at the Walnut Street Jail
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• Auburn system
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second historical phase of prison discipline, implemented at New York’s Auburn prison in 1815. Followed the Pennsylvania system and allowed inmates to work silently together during the day, but they were isolated at night. Eventually sleeping cells became congregate and restrictions against talking were removed
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• Public accounts system
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earliest form of prison industry, in which the warden was responsible for purchasing materials and equipment and for overseeing the manufacture, marketing, and sale of prison made items
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• Contract system
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the prison advertised for bids for the employment of prisoners, whose labor was sold to the highest bidder
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• Convict lease system
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a prison temporarily relinquished supervision of its prisoners to a lessee. The lessee either employed the prisoners within the institution or transported them to work elsewhere in the state
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• State use system
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employs prisoners to manufacture products consumed by state governments and their agencies, departments, and institutions
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• Public works system
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prisoners were employed in the construction of public buildings, roads, and parks
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• Medical model
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philosophy of prisoner reform in which criminal behavior is regarded as a disease to be treated with appropriate therapy
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• Classification
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process of subdividing the inmate population into meaningful categories to match offender needs with correctional resources
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• External classification
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interinstitutional placement of an inmate that determines an inmate’s security level
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• Internal classification
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intrainstitutional placement that determines through review of an inmate’s background assignment to housing units or cellblocks, work, and programming based on the inmates risk, needs, and time to serve
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• Unit management system
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method of controlling prisoners in self contained living areas and making inmates and staff accessible to each other
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• Federal prison industries (FPI)
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a federal, paid inmate work program and self supporting corporation
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• UNICOR
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trade name of Federal Prison Industries. UNICOR provides such products as U.S. military uniforms
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• Principle of least eligibility
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requirement that prison conditions – including the delivery of health care – must be a step below those of the working class and people on welfare
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• Operational capacity
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number of inmates that a facilities staff, existing programs, and services can accommodate
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• Design capacity
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number of inmates that planners or architects intend for the facility
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• Justice reinvestment
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practice of reducing spending on prisons and investing a portion of the savings into infrastructure and civic institutions located in high risk neighborhoods
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• Open institution
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minimum security facility that has no fences or walls surrounding it
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• Clemency
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kindness, mercy, forgiveness, or leniency, usually relating to criminal acts
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• Reprieve
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an executive act that reduces the severity of punishment but person remains guilty
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• Pardon
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an executive act that removes both punishment and guilt
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• Parole
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conditional release of a prisoner, prior to completion of the imposed sentence, under the supervision of a parole officer
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• Discretionary release
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early release based on the paroling authority’s assessment of eligibility
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• Mandatory release
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early release after a time period specified by law
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• Parole eligibility date
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earliest date on which an inmate might be paroled
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• Paroling authority
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person or correctional agency (parole board or parole commission) that has the authority to grant parole, revoke parole, and discharge from parole
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• Salient factor score (SFS)
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scale, developed from a risk-screening instrument, used to predict parole outcome
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• Parolee
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a person who is conditionally released from prison to community supervision
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• Nonrevocable parole (NRP)
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a type of unsupervised parole that cannot be revoked for technical violations; the person does not report to a parole officer
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• Reentry court
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a court that manages the return to the community of individuals released from prison
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