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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Heredity
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The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
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Genetics
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The scientific study of heredity (inheritance).
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Character
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A heritable feature that varies among individuals within a population, such as flower color in pea plants.
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Trait
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A variant of a character found within a population, such as purple flowers in pea plants.
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Hybrids
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The offspring of parents of two different species or of two different varieties of one species; the offspring of two parents that differ in one or more inherited traits; an individual that is heterozygous for one or more pairs of genes.
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Cross
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The cross-fertilization of two different varieties of an organism or of two different species; also called hybridization.
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P generation
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The parent individuals from which offspring are derived in studies of inheritance. P stands for parental.
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F1 generation
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The offspring of two parental (P generation) individuals. F1 stands for first filial.
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F2 generation
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The offspring of the F1 generation. F2 stands for second filial.
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Monohybrid cross
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A mating of individuals differing at one genetic locus.
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Alleles
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An alternative version of a gene.
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Homozygous
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Having two identical alleles for a given gene.
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Heterozygous
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Having two different alleles for a given gene.
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Dominant allele
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In a heterozygote, the allele that determines the phenotype with respect to a particular gene.
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Recessive allele
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In heterozygotes, the allele that has no noticeable effect on the phenotype.
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Law of segregation
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A general rule of inheritance, first proposed by Gregor Mendel, that states the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate) into different gametes during meiosis.
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Punnett square
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A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization.
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Phenotype
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The expressed traits of an organism.
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Genotype
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The genetic makeup of an organism.
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Locus
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The particular site where a gene is found on a chromosome. Homologous chromosomes have corresponding gene loci.
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Dihybrid cross
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A mating of individuals differing at two genetic loci.
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Law of independent assortment
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A general rule of inheritance, first proposed by Gregor Mendel, that states that when gametes form during meiosis, each pair of alleles for a particular character segregate (separate) independently of each other pair.
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Testcross
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The mating between an individual of unknown genotype for a particular character and an individual that is homozygous recessive for that same character.
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Rule of multiplication
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A rule stating that the probability of a compound event is the product of the separate probabilities of the independent events.
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Wild-type traits
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The trait most commonly found in nature.
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Pedigree
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A family tree representing the occurrence of heritable traits in parents and offspring across a number of generations.
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Carriers
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An individual who is heterozygous for a recessively inherited disorder and who therefore does not show symptoms of that disorder.
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Cystic fibrosis (CF)
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A genetic disease that occurs in people with two copies of a certain recessive allele; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated.
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Inbreeding
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The mating of close relatives.
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Achondroplasia
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A form of human dwarfism caused by a single dominant allele. The homozygous condition is lethal.
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Huntington's disease
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A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms.
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Incomplete dominance
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A type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote (Aa) is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two types of homozygotes (AA and aa).
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Hypercholesterolemia
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An inherited human disease characterized by an excessively high level of cholesterol in the blood.
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ABO blood groups
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Genetically determined classes of human blood that are based on the presence or absence of carbohydrates A and B on the surface of red blood cells. The ABO blood group phenotypes, also called blood types, are A, B, AB, and O.
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Codominant
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Expressing two different alleles of a gene in a heterozygote.
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Pleiotropy
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The control of more than one phenotypic character by a single gene.
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Sickle-cell disease
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A genetic disorder in which the red blood cells have abnormal hemoglobin molecules and take on an abnormal shape.
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Polygenic inheritance
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The additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic characteristic.
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Chromosome theory of inheritance
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A basic principle in biology stating that genes are located on chromosomes and that the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns.
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Linked genes
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Genes located close enough together on a chromosome that they are usually inherited together.
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Recombination frequency
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With respect to two given genes, the number of recombinant progeny from a mating divided by the total number of progeny. Recombinant progeny carry combinations of alleles different from that seen in either of the parents as a result of independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over.
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Linkage map
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A map of a chromosome showing the relative positions of genes.
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Sex-linked gene
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A gene located on a sex chromosome.
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Red-green colorblindness
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A common sex-linked human disorder involving several genes on the X chromosome and characterized by a malfunction of light-sensitive cells in the eyes; affects mostly males but also homozygous females.
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Hemophilia
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A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele and characterized by excessive bleeding following injury.
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