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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which of the following would be a physiological explanation for why birds sing? |
Testosterone causes the growth of certain brain areas which control singing in certain birds (because physiological is the brain and other vital organs) |
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If a person describes hunger as a specific pattern of activity in various hypothalamic regions, that would be considered a(n) ________ explanation |
physiological |
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The amygdala appears to be an important part of the brain for experiencing fear. Which of the following is an example of a functional explanation of fear? |
describing why fear improves the chances of survival (because functional is why a structure or behavior evolved as it did) |
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According to biologist Ray Coppinger, wolves were first domesticated by hunters who realized how helpful they were in bringing down large prey. |
False (the wolves were nice and hungry) |
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Agouti mice that are malnourished give birth to offspring prone to obesity and diabetes because of changes in gene: |
expression (of myelination) |
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What are the chances of having a child with at least one dominant gene if both parents are heterozygous? |
75% |
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Minimalists believe that |
some animal research is acceptable, but not all |
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Which of the following methods is dependent upon injecting a radioactive chemical into the blood to measure brain activity? |
PET fMRI (change in hemoglobin when O2 releases), CAT (dye into blood) |
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The view of the brain from below is called the ______ view |
ventral anterior (front) dorsal (top/back) |
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Which of the following would contribute to an overestimation of heritability? |
ignoring the effect of the prenatal environment |
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Who was the first researcher to demonstrate that neurons are separate from one another? |
Santiago Ramon y Cajal |
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Chemicals that cannot flow freely across a cell membrane enter a neuron through: |
specialized protein channels |
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After building a snowman, you notice your hands are cold. The type of neuron that carries information about the temperature of your hands to your spinal cord is a(n): |
afferent neuron (neuron that brings info into structure) efferent neuron (neuron that brings info away from structure) interneuron and intrinsic neuron (neurons whose axons are all confined within a given structure) |
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Focal hand dystonia, sometimes called "musician's cramp", is caused by: |
extreme overlap of cortical representation of the fingers |
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The area of the cortex that receives input from the face is adjacent to the area of the foot. After amputation of the foot, it is possible that a phantom limb sensation will be felt whenever the: |
face is touched |
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Which cell myelinates axons in the peripheral nervous system |
Schwann cell astrocyte: glia that synchronize the activity of axons microglia: immune of nervous system oligodendrocyte: myelinated central nervous system |
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What is the approximate resting potential of the inside of a neuron's membrane, relative to the outside? |
-70 millivolts
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When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move potassium _______ the cell while the electrical gradient tends to move it ______ the cell |
out of, into |
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The sodium-potassium pump pumps sodium ions _____ and potassium ions _____ |
out of the cell; into the cell |
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What is the result if a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a potential slightly closer to zero? |
depolarization |
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In a myelinated axon, where are sodium gates abundant? |
at the nodes of Ranvier |
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The research that firmly established synaptic communication as chemical was: |
Loewi's transfer of fluid from stimulated frog haerts |
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An EPSP typically results from |
sodium ions entering the cell |
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Which of the following patterns of post-synaptic excitation will most likely result in an action potential? |
rapid sequence of EPSPs |
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The answer to the previous questions best describes |
temporal summation (repeated stimuli) |
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The catecholamines include: |
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine |
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What does it mean to say that acetycholine exerts ionotropic effects? |
It opens gates for a particular ion |
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Which of the following structure gets its name because of the Latin work for "bridge"? |
the pons |
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A metabotropic synapse, by way of its second messenger, ______. |
can influence activity in much or all of the postsynaptic cell |
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Which drug is the "ranch dressing" of drugs? |
nicotine |
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Although Olds and Milner called their accidental discovery the "pleasure center", later researchers (e.g. Berridge) would probably say a better name would be the ________ center. |
wanting |
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The human nervous system begins to form when the embryo is about 10 weeks old. |
False |
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The fluid-filled cavity of the developing neural tube becomes the: |
ventricular system |
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When Sperry cut a newt's optic nerve and rotated the by 180 degrees, each axon: |
regenerated to the area where it had originally been |
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Some neurons die during development because: |
they fail to receive enough NGF (nerve growth factor, proteins that promotes survival and growth of axons in sympathetic system) |
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Keeping animals in a varied environment with stimulation increases the: |
branching of dendrites |
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Alcohol can damage the developing brain by: |
increasing synaptic inhibition |
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Although the following methods may or may not actually work, which method would theoretically be of potential benefit to stroke victims (during the stroke)? |
blocking glutamate receptors (strokes kill neurons by over stimulus, decreases stimulation) |
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Diaschisis refers to the: |
decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged |
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What is constraint-induced therapy? |
physical therapy done while a person's good hand is restrained |
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A primary function of the corpus callosum: |
enable the left and right hemispheres to work together |
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A primary function of the hypothalamus:
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control hunger, temperature regulation, aggression, and sex |
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A primary function of the substantia nigra |
produce dopamine |
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A primary function of the thalamus |
relay center |
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A primary function of the basal ganglia |
process working memor |
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A primary function of the superior colliculus |
visual processing |
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A primary function of the inferior collilculus |
auditory |
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Damage to this impairs performance on the delayed-response or delayed matching to sample tasks |
prefrontal cortex |