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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Nares
-surrounded by |
Either:
-cere -operculum (horny flap that overhangs) |
|
Nares
-open into |
-infraorbital sinus
|
|
Cervicocephalic Air Sacs
|
-communicate with caudal end of infraorbital sinus
|
|
Infraorbital sinus
-effect of infections |
-periorbital swelling
-difficult to treat |
|
Choana
-definition |
-slit that connects the nasal cavity to the oropharynx
|
|
Choanal papillae
-pathology |
-blunted papillae suggest illness with hypovitaminosis A
*should be sharp looking |
|
Birds have an epiglottis (T/F)
|
-False
|
|
Glottis
-location |
-base of tongue
*easy to intubate |
|
Trachea
-clinical importance |
-complete rings so you can't used cuffed endotracheal tubes
-will cause necrosis |
|
Syrinx
-location |
-tracheal bifurcation
|
|
Syrinx
-function |
-vocalization in some male birds
|
|
Syrinx
-clinical importance |
-can see voice change with tracheal disease
-likely site for foreign body and aspergillosis -can be large normally |
|
Lungs
-location |
-craniodorsal part of the body cavity
-no expansion -thin gas exchange barrier |
|
Lungs
-auscultation |
-listen dorsally
-normal = no noise |
|
Air sac
-how many |
-9
|
|
Air sacs
-importance |
-hold 80% of respiratory volume
|
|
Air sacs
-names |
Unpaired
-interclavicular Paired -cervicocephalic -cranial thoracic -caudal thoracic -abdominal |
|
Respiratory Cycle
-describe |
-continuous
-unidirectional flow -always have gas exchange |
|
Respiratory Cycle
-clinical significance |
-efficient at oxygen uptake
-efficient at toxin uptake |
|
Inhalation
-what occurs |
-air flows into posterior air sace
-air flow through the lungs into the anterior air sacs *all air sacs expanded |
|
Expiration
-what occurs |
-air from anterior air sace flows into trachea and out of body
-air from posterior air sacs flows through the lungs and out the body *all air sacs deflate |
|
Replacement of diaphragm
|
-movement of ribs and sternum
|
|
Lack of diaphragm
-clinical significance |
-if the chest is held to tightly, tidal volume will be limited and effective oxygenation will be compromised
|
|
First part of the avian GI
|
-beak
|
|
Beak
-anatomy |
-covered in rhamphotheca, which is continuously growing
-rhinotheca = upper -gnathotheca = lower |
|
Beak
-specializations |
-diet
-prehension |
|
Replacement of salivary glands
|
-salivary tissue in the oropharynx
|
|
Only bird with intrinsic tongue muscles
|
-parrot
|
|
GI route
|
-esophagus
-crop -stomach -small intestine -paired cecae -large intestine -cloaca -vent |
|
Crop
-function |
-enlarged area of the esophagus that stores food for a period of time while the stomach is full
|
|
Stomach
-parts |
-proventriculus
-ventriculus |
|
Proventriculus
-function |
-glandular stomach
|
|
Ventriculus
-function |
Gizzard
-mechanical digestion -Cuticle (Koilin) layer for wall protection |
|
Cloaca
-sections cranial to caudal |
-Coprodeum
-Urodeum -Proctodeum |
|
Coprodeum
-function |
-GI waste storage
|
|
Urodeum
-function |
ureters
-genital ducts |
|
Proctodeum
-function |
-phallus
-bursa of fabricius (B lymphocyte source) |
|
3 components of droppings
|
-feces
-urine -urates |
|
Avian Liver
-anatomy |
-right and left lobes
+/- gall bladder -biliverdin. but no biliverdin reductase |
|
Avian liver
-clinical importance |
-bruising in birds looks green
-birds can't become icteric (no bilirubin) |
|
Feathered vs. Nonfeathered skin
|
Feathered
-thin & delicate Nonfeathered -tough |
|
Avian method of cooling down
|
-panting
-dilation of superficial blood vessels *no sweat glands |
|
Feathers
-composed of |
-modified integument/epidermis
|
|
Feathers
-purpose |
-insulation
-waterproofing -flight -courtship displays, fighting, defense -sensory functions -protection from UV light |
|
Pterylae
-define |
-feathered tracts
|
|
Apterylae
-define |
-featherless areas between tracts
|
|
Apterylae
-function |
-used for heat exchange
|
|
Feathers
-types |
-contour feathers
-pin/blood feathers -powder down feathers |
|
Contour Feathers
-location |
Remiges
-primaries = manus -secondary = antebrachium Retrices = pygostyle Coverts |
|
Remiges
-define |
-flight feathers
|
|
Retices
-define |
-tail feathers
|
|
Pin/Blood feathers
-function |
-maintain vascular supply
*susceptible to traum |
|
Pin/Blood Feathers
-clinical notes |
-avoid cutting these feathers and adjacent feathers
-broken blood feather common. treat by removing rest of feather from wing attachment |
|
Powder down feathers
-function |
Help with:
-grooming -parasites |
|
Powder down feathers
-found in what birds |
-cockatiels
-cockatoos -african grey |
|
Uropygial gland
-function |
-oil and preen gland
-maintains feather shape, repels water, and creates luster -also antibacterial |
|
Stress bars
-cause |
-endogenous or exogenous steroid
-segmental dysplasia of feather |
|
Reason for vertebrae fusion
|
-minimal energy expenditure in maintaining body rigidity in flight
|
|
Vertebral sections
|
-cervical
-notarium (cervical & thoracic) -synsacrum (caudal thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal) -pygostyle (distal fusion of caudal vertebrae) |
|
Where do most back problems occur in birds
|
-between the notarium and synsacrum
|
|
Avian pectoral limb
-modifications for flight |
-humerus is pneumatic
-ulna larger than radius -distal wing made of fused metacarpals and phalanges |
|
Pinioning
-describe -purpose |
-amputation of distal wingtip at the carpus
-permanently prevents flight |
|
Pectoral limb
-section less developed in flightless birds |
-carpus
|
|
Main flight bone
|
-coracoid
|
|
Sternum/Keel
-function |
-highly developed to provide a wide surface area for muscle attachment
|
|
Pectoral girdle
-bones |
-clavicle
-coracoid -scapula |
|
Pectoral girdle
-muscles |
-supracoracoideus
-pectoralis |
|
Supracoracoideus
-function |
-abduction of the wing via tendon passing throug the triosseal canal (coracoid, clavicle, scapula)
|
|
Pectoralis
-function |
-adduction of wind
|
|
Avian pelvic limb
-modifications for flight |
-femur (pneumatic)
-tibiotarsus (like mammalian tibia) -tarsometatarsus (like mammal metatarsus) -digits |
|
Pneumatic bones
|
-long bones
-pectoral girdle -sternum -keel -skull *depending on spp |
|
Avian eye
-support |
-scleral ossicles
|
|
Avian eye
-compensation for limited globe movement |
-head movement
|
|
Avian eye
-light reflex |
-no consensual light reflex
|
|
Avian eye
-anterior chamber -clinical significance |
Iris and ciliary body
-variable skeletal muscle -voluntary control over pupil size and accomodation -atropine ineffective at dilation |
|
Avian eye
-pecten |
-pigmented, pleated
-vascular -projects from near the optic nerve |
|
Avian eye
-retina |
-no blood vessels
-no tapetum lucidum |
|
Avian ear
-location |
-caudal and ventral to eye
|
|
Avian kidneys
-location |
-paired
-dorsal location -depression of synsacrum |
|
Kidneys
-important characteristics |
-sciatic nerve runs through parenchyma
-renal portal system -no bladder |
|
Avian nephrons
-most numerous nephrons |
-cortical nephrons
|
|
Avian nephrons
-describe cortical nephrons |
-resemble reptilian nephrons
-no loop of henle -excrete uric acid |
|
Avian nephrons
-describe medullary nephrons |
-resemble mammalian nephrons
-loop of henle present -form and concentrate urine |
|
Avian testes
-location |
-intracoelomic
-near the cranial pole of the kidney |
|
Avian testes
-clinical note |
-seasonal variation in size
-grow 20-300x the size in breeding season |
|
Avian reproduction
-phallus types -function -spp |
Intromittent phallus
-deposits sperm directly into cloaca -waterfowl, ratites Non-intromittent phallus -deposits sperm onto external genitalia -galliforms |
|
Avian ovaries
-location |
-cranial pole of kidney
*right ovary and oviduct regress |
|
Avian ovaries
-clinical note |
-ovarian arterial supply is very short so ovariectomy is risky
|
|
Movement of egg through oviduct
|
-Infundibulum (15 min)
-Magnum (3 hr) ---> secretory -Isthmus (1-2 hrs) ---> shell membranes -Uterus (20 hrs) ---> shell formation, albumin volume -Uterovaginal junction -Vagina (seconds) |
|
Avian sexing
|
-physical characteristics (sexual dimorphism, vent sexing)
-egg production -surgical sexing -genetic sexing |
|
Heart
-compared to mammal |
-larger than mammal of similar size
-high heart rate |
|
Avian
-sites for venipuncture |
-right jugular
-basilic wing veins -medial tarsometatarsal veins |