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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A serous membrane that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
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Lesser omentum
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The starch digesting enzymes of the saliva and pancreatic juice are called
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amylases
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activities of different regions of the digestive tract are coordinated with each other through the ____ nerve plexus between two layers of the muscularis externa
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myenteric
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this gland is located halfway along the mandible bone, just deep to the mylohyoid muscle and empties into the mouth near the lower central incisors
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submandibular
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the tissue that constitutes most of the bulk of a tooth
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dentin
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tissue layers of the digestive tract from the lumen to external surface
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lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
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where is the swallowing center located?
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the brainstem
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cholesterol can be ____ without being _____
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absorbed; digested
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most of the GI tract is composed of a ____ epithelium
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simple columnar
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the oral cavity through the esophagus and lower anal canal are composed of a ____ epithelium
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nonkeratonized stratified squamous
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this tissue layer consists of a thick layer of loose CT containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, a nerve plexus, and in some places, glands that secrete a lubricating mucus into the lumen
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tunica submucosa
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the outer tunic in the oral cavity, pharynx, most of the esophagus, and the recturm is composed of a fibrous CT layer called the
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adventitia
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the tunica mucosa contains smooth muscle called the ___, which is stimulated by the ___plexus.
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muscularis mucosae; submucosal
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the extension of the peritoneym that loosely covers thesmall intestine like an apron is the ___, while the extension of the peritoneum that anchors much of the large intestine is the ___.
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greater omentum; mesocolon
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inflammation of the greater or lesser omentum, mesentery, or mesocolon is called:
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peritonitis
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what closes off the nasopharynx when you swallow?
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uvula
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the tongue has a ___ epithelium and the site of the taste buds called___
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nonkeratonized stratified squamous; papillae
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Infants have ___ deciduous teeth
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20
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adults have ___ permanent teeth
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32
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an individual has an impacted tooth. this tooth is most likely the ___
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third molar
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the tooth is anchored to the alveolar bone by the ___
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peridontal ligament
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gingivitis is
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gum inflammation
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what is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults?
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gingivitis
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most of the tooth consists of a hard, yellowish tissue called
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dentin
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the dentin of the tooth is covered by a hard layer of calcium phosphate crystals called ___
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enamel
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the two living parts of the tooth are
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dentin and cementum
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if you were to follow a molecule of glucose from the artery outside the tooth to an odontoblast in the dentin. the pathway glucose would take is
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apical foramen; root canal; pulp cavity
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salivary glands produce ___, which inhibits bacterial growth
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IgA
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Lingual lipase and lysozymes are produced by ___ salivary glands
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intrinsic
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Mumps are often caused by a viral infection of the ___ salivary glands.
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parotid
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the esophagus pierces through the diaphragm at the ___, and its submucosa contains ___ glands that secrete mucus.
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hiatus; esophageal
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what nerve plexus controls peristalsis and other contractions of the muscularis externa
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the myenteric plexus
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what controls the movements of the muscularis mucosae and glandular secretion of the mucosa
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the submucosal plexus
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what is the term for the serous membrane that suspends the intestines from the abdominal wall?
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greater omentum
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which physiologic process of the digestive system truly moves a nutrient from the outside to the inside of the body?
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absorption
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what do vitamins, free amino acids, minerals, cholesterol, and water all have in common?
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they are absorbed without being digested
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3 extrinsic salivary glands
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parotid, submandibular, sublingual
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Do intrinsic or extrinsic secrete saliva at a relatively constant rate?
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intrinsic
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what actions prevent the pharynx from forcing food back into the mouth or nose?
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1. root of to ngue blocks oral cavity
2. the soft palate rises and blocks the nasopharynx 3. epiglottis covers the opening of the layrnx and vestibular folds cover the airway |
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bacteria and sugars form a sticky residue on teeth called
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plaque
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the acids released by the buildup of plaque dissolve the mineral of ___ and ___
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dentin and enamel
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cavities are aka
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dental caries
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if not repaired, ___ may fully penetrate the dentin and spread to the pulp cavity
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dental caries
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what is root canal therapy
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extraction of the pulp and replace it with inert material
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when plaque calcifies on the tooth surface, it is called
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calculus (tartar)
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about 86% of people over the age of 70 have _______ and many suffer tooth loss as a result. this accounts for 80-90% of adult tooth loss.
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periodontal disease
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what is gastritis?
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inflammation of the stomach; can lead to peptic ulcer as pepsin and hydrochloric acid erode the stomach wall
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peptic ulcers occur more commonly in the ____ and occasionally the ___
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duodenum and occasionally the esophagus
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If untreated, peptic ulcers can..
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perforate the organ and cause fatal hemorrhaging or peritonitis
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Risk factors for peptic ulcers:
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presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria, smoking, use of aspirin or NSAIDS
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Antibiotics and pepto-bismol treatment success rate vs. Tagament
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90% cure rate vs. 20-30% for Tagament. the most effective is also a lot less expensive
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Gallstones, aka ____, are hard masses in the gallbladder or bile ducts
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biliary calculi
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_____ are usually composed of cholesterol, calcium carbonate, and bilirubin
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gallstones
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what is cholelithiasis
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formation of gallstones; commone in obese women over the age of forty and usually results from excess cholesterol
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when gallstones block the flow of bile into the duodenum, they can cause:
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>jaundice
>poor fat digestion >impaired absorption of fat soluble vitamins |