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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the four methods of knowing
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1. Tenacity
2. Authority 3. Rationalism 4. Empiricism |
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Tenacity
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always believed it. includes superstitions, chance, and causaluty
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Authority
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authority figure, respected source
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Rationalism
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reason/logic. Something seems self evident, or a given intuition feels right.
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Empiricism
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observation. can see the same thing differently
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scientific
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combination of rationalism and empiricism
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truth or knowledge must be: (4 things)
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a. the same for every person
b. independent of opinions c. in agreement with observation d. reproducible (and self correcting) |
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objectivity
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gathering of evidence is external to or independent of the mind. Makes us step out of our "nonconscious ideology"
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systematicness
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characterized by an orderly set of procedures, with a series of integrated steps
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Theory
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set of ideas that is abstract and conceptual
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hypothesis
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a specific and falsifiable prediction regarding the relationship among two or more variables
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operational definition
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a precise statement of how a conceptual variable is turned into a measured variable - observable
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The Flow of Research
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1. Identify the problem - develop a theory
2. Design the study - develop hypothesis (create operational definitions) 3. Conduct experiment 4. Interpret the data - support/revise theory 5. Communicate results |
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Determinism
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The philosophical doctrine that every state of human affairs, including every human event, act or decision is the inevitable consequence of antecedent state of affairs
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Arguments against determinism (4)
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1. Perceived Freedom - feeling that our behavior is free from ext. constraints
2. Prediction - if behavior is predictable, it will be controllable 3. Free will 4. Moral Responsibility - if all behavior is the result of external factors, then we can have no system of moral responsibility. |
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3 different versions of free will
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-behavior is random and chaotic
-desires/values are spontaneously formed -external constraints may exist, but we can still act without their influence |
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Determinist response to arguments (4)
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1. Perceived freedom - just because we are unaware of the feelings, doesn't mean they don't exist. -we spend time attempting to understand causes of others behavior - suggests we view it as determined.
2. Prediction - impossible, result of many factors 3. Free will - compatible with determinism 4. moral responsibility - we accept that there are certain causes external to control of the individual |
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for two events to be causally related, they must first be _______
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associated
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how will we know a cause when one is present?
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by generating an operational definition
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we can never truly see one event produce another because: (2 reasons)
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1. conceptual or empirical intermediaries between a given cause and effect
2. can never rule out the possibility of a third factor |
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3 elements of an operational definition
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1. Cause precedes effect
2. Many third factors ruled out 3. few side conditions exist |
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Ethics
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rules or standards governing the conduct of the members of a profession
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cost/benefit ratio
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subjective evaluation of risks and benefits, used to determine if research should be conducted
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APA General Principles (5)
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A. Beneficence and non maleficence -do good and do no harm
B. Fidelity and Responsibility -responsible, professional, trustworthy C. Integrity -promote accuracy, honesty, truthfulness D. Justice -fairness, justice, equality, free of bias E. Respect for people's right's and dignity |
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Informed consent
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explain nature of research, ultimate purpose, potential risks. Participants are free to withdraw. use language that is understandable. (not required in naturalistic observation)
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confidentiality
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agreement that identity of subject remains confidential - anonymous is ideal. increases truth in reporting and protects subjects
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deception
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eliminates demand characteristics, must be justified, must be explained in debriefing
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debriefing
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occurs as early as possible, full disclosure - purpose and subject's role. experiment should be educational
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Scientific Fraud
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fabrication of data, correction of errors
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Plagiarism
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taking credit for the work of someone else "ignorance is not a defence"
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